8 10 85 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Margaret Seares Location The location of the interview Crawley, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 53 minutes, 55 seconds Interview 2: 55 minutes, 26 seconds Total: 1 hour, 49 minutes, 21 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:38 Track 2 00:00 Margaret was born on 2 December 1948 in Surrey, England while her parents were working here after the Second World War. She was educated at St Hilda’s Anglican School in Mosman Park. She got a basic Christian education which helped her when she studied music later on. Music education at St Hilda’s was mediocre and Margaret took piano lessons outside. Nobody in her immediate family had been to university. She got a scholarship to UWA after taking a year’s break to do her piano diploma. In her first year at UWA she studied Music, French, History and Political Science. In second year, she did music and history. She was invited to do Honours in both subjects but decided to opt for music and took musicology. Later she did a Masters and a PhD at UWA. 05:40 The old music department was located at Tuart House in Crawley where the Festival Offices are now located. The rooms were not sound proofed. There was a prefab building where lectures were held. The music library was old but contained good material and listening booths. The School was a tight knit group as they were away from the main campus. Margaret became involved with the student choral society and David Tunley’s a capella choir. The music students stayed on campus most of the day and sometimes stayed back after hours to listen to music. The course was quite intensive. Sir Frank Callaway was head of department and very ‘old school’. David Tunley was inspiring. Sally Trethowan wrote reviews for the West and lectured on Wagner. John Exton was from Cambridge and advocated 20th century serial music but was dismissive of Tchaikovsky. Margaret is very fond of baroque music. All the music taught was strictly classical. 11:43 Many of the students became teachers. Frank Callaway headed up music education. Some students studied performance, others like Jennifer Fowler, studied composition. It was quite acceptable then to study for the joy of study without an end in mind. There was a tradition of youth concerts. During the Festival they had a classical music forum where young composer such as Ross Edwards and Carl Vine (both of whom later became famous) would be tutored by a visiting international name. In addition, visiting lecturers were invited from interstate and abroad to work with the students and do a series of concerts. 16:04 As well as lectures and some practical work, students benefited from a one on one tutorial. The Music School introduced the concept of listening tests. Students would listen to the music in the Music Library. Margaret was the piano accompanist for the undergraduate choral society for many years. This helped to make her a good sight reader. She took cello lessons at this time and in the 1980s, she learnt to play the harpsichord. 20:50 Margaret chose baroque music as her Honours topic (François Couperin), supervised by David Tunley. He also supervised her Masters (French Stage Music) and PhD (German keyboard music). In Margaret’s Honours year in 1970 there were only two students studying musicology; a couple did composition and more did performance. The Music School was small and intimate and students and staff shared a close relationship. 24:14 Outside of music, Margaret played netball. She took friends to the family farm and they camped in the bush. She also sang in a rock band for a while. There were plenty of balls and parties. Balls would be organised by Arts or one of the colleges. Margaret had friends at Currie Hall, St Catherine’s and Kingswood that she met through the choir. A big highlight for her was taking part in inter-varsity choral festivals throughout Australia. 26:25 In 1970, after graduation, Margaret studied for a Masters’ degree. In 1972-3, she travelled to the UK and Europe for a working holiday. Margaret took a break from music but still attended concerts. She saw famous conductors and soloists as well as operas such as Debussy’s Pelléas et Mélisande. Australian opera and ballet was still in the early stages of development. Margaret finds that modern opera caters for a more popular audience. 31:08 While Margaret was teaching in Slough, she received a telegram from Frank Callaway asking her to replace David Tunley while he was on study leave. The following year, she filled in for another staff member. It was good experience as she had to teach across all areas. She was invited to be classical music producer at the new radio station set up at UWA in 1977 - Radio 6UVS-FM. She designed the programme and chose the music. When she took time off to have her first child she continued to work part-time for the School of Music and the radio station. The radio station did not record music or concerts themselves. 35:36 The new music school was built on the campus in 1976. The close knit nature of the school continued when they moved onto campus and the facilities were better. Technology changed constantly. Now music students can listen to music on their own i-pods and they can do a lot more study from home. It is challenging to get students to engage with staff on campus. It is hard to make accurate comparisons with today compared with the past as data was not collected so assiduously and no student exit questionnaires were handed out until about 1995. 42:16 When Margaret was Head of School (1991-1995), the type of student had changed. The Bachelor degree in music was now considered prestigious and was more careers driven. There was some competition between the Conservatorium and UWA. Some of the best music students went on to study medicine or commerce. There was greater student engagement. Lectures became more like question and answer sessions. Ethnomusicology or world music encompasses Asian and Aboriginal music. The Music School has always had good collections from all over the world. The School of Music can arrange for students to do exchanges in other universities. Perth is not as isolated as when Margaret was studying. More people reside in Perth from interstate and from Asia, Africa and the Middle East. It is quite difficult for students from a non-Christian background to understand the subtleties involved in studying a traditional Western music course. 53:03 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:39 Track 2 00:00 Margaret took over as head of school from David Tunley with the approval of the staff. Head of School is responsible for the welfare of the school and the students, the budgets and general administration assisted by the secretary and an administrative assistant. Margaret still taught but found she had less time to do research. Elected as a staff representative onto the Senate. Elected as Deputy Chair of the Academic Board. Externally, she was on the Board of the WA Symphony Orchestra. The incoming Arts Minister, Peter Foss, asked Margaret to Chair his Arts Advisory Committee. 06:20 In early 1995, Margaret was asked to apply for the job of Director of Arts WA. She was very uncertain as to whether she wanted to do this job because she was very comfortable at UWA. When she was offered the job, she negotiated with the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Alan Robson, to do a 2 year secondment from UWA in case things didn’t work out. Working for the government was very different to academia. It was a steep learning curve. At the end of the two years, Federal Minister, Senator Richard Alston asked her to be Chair of the Australia Council – the first person from WA in this role. The Council was considered to be too Sydney-centric. 13:50 The Chair’s job is a different role. She worked very closely with Government and the arts sector. Margaret worked in this job for 4 years. She suggested that some meetings be held in the other capital cities outside of Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra. The job involved a lot of travelling. At one time she was the Executive Chair as well which meant she was both CEO and Chair. Margaret met some interesting and significant people. During this time, there was a Performing Arts Enquiry. Pauline Hanson and One Nation came to prominence. Arts funding received $43 million. Other Councillors included Ron Radford, Director of the National Gallery and Helen Nugent, who is currently conducting an enquiry into the future of the opera companies in Australia. 17:48 At the end of the 4 years, Margaret decided to step away from being a public servant as she felt that she was becoming too bureaucratic. She returned to UWA. She had been working part time at the university setting up the external community relations portfolio. She returned to work as Pro Vice-Chancellor, Community Relations. The Office of Development was set up to fund-raise, liaise with media, market UWA and encourage community outreach. Outreach programmes include the Perth Festival, the galleries, University Press and Extension. Western Australia does not receive as big a slice of Federal arts funding. Most of the money is spent on the national opera and ballet companies and the symphony orchestras. More WA representation is needed on boards and panels. 23:26 The days of strong university funding was over and it was important to set up an office of development to look at ways to attract funding from the alumni and philanthropists. The Rindos case in the early 1990s had caused very negative media for UWA. At this stage, Colin Campbell-Fraser was hired to manage UWA’s relationship with the press and public affairs. It was felt that UWA had become remote from the community. University extension was strong before the era of online courses. The Festival was the most prominent part of the outreach. David Blenkinsop was Director for 20 years. Now, directors change every four years. The Festival must attract people from all over Perth. Lotterywest provide long term funding. During Sean Doran’s time it was attempted to run a Festival in Albany, Broome, Geraldton, Mandurah and Kalgoorlie concurrently with Perth. Albany was the only centre that got a large audience take up. 30:46 Margaret was Pro Vice-Chancellor from 2001 to 2003. In 2004, Alan Robson was appointed Vice Chancellor when Deryck Schreuder left at the end of 2003. Robson appointed Margaret as Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor (2004-2008). All the Deans reported to her. She was also responsible for staffing policies and kept an overview on community relations and external relations. She was also on a range of external committees such as the Australian Research Council. In 2008, she turned 60 and decided not to renew her contact. She retired in order to do more research as well as travel and brush up on language skills. 36:46 Her old PhD has been published as a book. She has published articles. She has visited Europe and practised her French, Italian and German. She agreed to go on too many boards and committees as she was worried she would be bored but this hasn’t been the case. Being a board member of the National Portrait Gallery; the WA Symphony Orchestra and Telethon were very enjoyable. She is still on the Board of the Perth Festival. It is not the role of the Board to interfere in the running of the organisation but to give advice. In the case of the ABC, perhaps the Board has been too hands-off. Today, there is a lot more Board assessment – internal and/or external. 42:53 Margaret was invited onto the Festival Board in 2009 and elected as Chair in 2012. When her current term finishes she will not be renewing. She believes that there needs to be younger Board members on the Festival to keep it relevant and encourage a younger audience. The Fringe Festival is different to the Perth Festival and isn’t seen as a competitor. Fringe has contributed to the vibrancy of the city. Margaret was on the Perth Revitalizing Committee from 2009-2013. It was recommended that the arts would be integrated into the vision. Local Government has not been amalgamated into the scheme as yet. However, the Chamber of Arts & Culture came out of one of the committee’s recommendations. 47:03 Senate appoints the Chair of the Festival Board. Margaret is working on the recent donation by Andrew and Nicola Forrest. She has liaised between her contacts and UWA to assist with fund raising. She occasionally supervises PhDs in her role as Senior Honorary Research Fellow. The School of Music is tracking well. The new course structure has attracted students other than specialist music students. The School has a good relationship with the WA Symphony Orchestra. Generally arts and music schools in universities around Australia are struggling. 49:09 Margaret has had great pleasure from her long involvement with UWA. The challenge for UWA is to survive in the current economic climate. Having worked on both sides of the fence in universities she believes that internal communication is crucial to success. 54:47 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/9881513c47b8fbda9c493c1f3316fcad.mp3">Seares, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4d6cc00b9afb5b78608d24e8ca3fa39f.mp3">Seares, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d7f329d6226eaf6cb947b6fbcb71d719.mp3">Seares, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/230248171a792e5df29028a1b0796b95.mp3">Seares, Interview 2, Track 2</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Margaret Seares interview, 6 November 2014 and 26 November 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Music Description An account of the resource Margaret Seares holds a PhD from UWA in Music, her field of specialty being the keyboard music of the 18th century. From 1991-1995 she was Head of the School of Music, and Deputy Chair of the Academic Board at UWA. In 1995 she accepted a two-year secondment to the position of CEO with the West Australian Department for the Arts (now the Department of Culture and the Arts), and in 1997 she was appointed to a 4-year term as Chair of the Australia Council. She has been a member of a wide range of Boards and Councils in the government, not-for-profit, and arts sectors and is currently a board member of the West Australian Symphony Orchestra, a Councillor with the WA Chamber of Commerce & Industry and with Scotch College WA, a member of the Australian Research Council's advisory council, and a member of the board of the Council for the Humanities Arts & Social Sciences. In 2003 Professor Seares was awarded the Officer of the Order of Australia in recognition of her work for the arts and education. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Seares, Margaret Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bruce Meakins Location The location of the interview Crawley, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 1 minute, 51 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 2 minutes, 33 seconds Interview 3: 1 hour, 6 minutes, 28 seconds Total: 3 hours, 10 minutes, 52 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:50 Track 2 00:00 Born Prospect, South Australia on 4 April 1959. Moves to WA aged 8. Family settle in Mount Hawthorn. Attends Mt Hawthorn Primary School and later Perth Modern School, Subiaco. A good music programme attracted good quality teachers. Did Duke of Edinburgh Award – bronze, silver and gold over a 3 year period. Asthmatic but his family encouraged fishing and camping. The Duke of Edinburgh Award involved several components: service contribution; an interest of choice; a physical activity and to prepare and execute an expedition. 07:51 Got good marks at school and was steered towards the academic programme. He got the highest marks for English which he didn’t study for. A medical degree would have been too onerous on the family finances. In about 1972, he took part in an asthma study at UWA. Got significant improvements in health from the swimming programme. Paddling was also an activity that caused less asthma whereas running is detrimental. 14:15 Introduced to YMCA through Duke of Edinburgh Award and did leadership activities with them. Found he enjoyed working with people and decided to do a degree in Physical Education. The fourth year of study was the teaching component. Continued working with YMCA and was offered some part-time work while he was studying. 16:38 The Department of Sports Science was located on the ground floor of the Reid Library. Lectures were held in the Octagon Theatre. Part of the course involved studying Human Biology, Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology. It was a new course structure. Lived at home with his parents. Found the campus very large and didn’t get to know that many people especially as he was doing activities outside. He did not join any university clubs. 20:50 Many of the students in his course were very sports focussed. There were large cohorts from the private schools who had done traditional sports. There were not many international students but there were several teachers who came from the Eastern States seeking a higher degree. Physical Education involved a practical component teaching various sports. The laboratory work – biology and anatomy was fascinating. They also studied physiology and bio mechanics. Computers were beginning to be used. 24:03 It was the early days of using science to improve fitness and performance and to recover from injury. At the cutting edge were people such as Frank Pyke, John Bloomfield (Head of School) and Brian Blanksby. People went overseas to gain knowledge and brought that back to Australia. 26:31 Local community work in the YMCA involved working with children’s activities and camps. When a camp director left, Bruce offered to run the summer camps. A Canadian then came in to run the camps. She brought in knowledge from North America where the YMCA was getting involved in fitness, health and safety. Aerobics was becoming popular. The YMCA started to run fitness centres and fitness programmes. The YMCA allowed Bruce to work even though he did not have his teaching diploma. It was always his intention to go back and do it. Bruce set up international exchange programmes and organised to go to North America to study the new techniques and ideas. In the meantime, he had become good friends with the Canadian lady who later became his wife. 30:37 When Bruce was a student, UWA did not have a swimming pool for recreation – it was only there for study programmes. Kevin Finch who ran the asthma programme went on to become an Olympic doctor. Brian Blanksby became Head of School. Alan Morton later became Head of School. The recreation centre was built in 1970. There was a three court sports hall, squash courts and tennis courts plus the sports ovals. Students took part in the traditional clubs such as cricket and football. There was a rowing club but no canoeing club. There were no fitness classes although there were some free weights in the gym. There was an athletics club. Bruce swam at pools such as Beatty Park. 35:17 Bruce spent most of the day on campus and studied and used the library between lectures. He generally brought his own lunch. There was a refectory at the Guild and a coffee shop at Hackett Hall which was the old refectory. He didn’t visit the Guild. In 1979, Bruce graduated in Winthrop Hall where he had taken his exams. He was the first in his family to go to university. Luckily, education was free at this time. He moved out of home after he graduated and shared a house with university friends. 38:18 Bruce went to America for 10 months in 1981. He enjoyed a personal study period; attended conferences and visited various YMCAs; did a canoeing trip and then travelled and did some hiking and climbing. Cardiac related health was very much to the fore in the USA. The YMCA was also interested in children’s preventative health programmes. He married his Canadian wife in Canada while he was away. The YMCA focussed on Body, Mind and Spirit which complemented what he had learned in Sports Science. The YMCA began to formalise training in fitness and health and encourage healthy activity. Bruce learnt CPR in America. 46:09 Many people in the USA were overweight and ate junk food in large portions. Bruce began to take an interest in encouraging non-athletes to live a healthy lifestyle. He used what he had found out in America to run programmes and activities back in Australia. He taught aerobics classes. The YMCA classes were the precursor to the modern gym classes. 51:39 The YMCA also ran healthy back programmes. They were exploring the idea of having classes before and after work. Women enjoyed group classes whereas men enjoyed the gym environment. Bruce believes that Australians have more international awareness as they travel extensively. He was fired up to do some of what he had learnt and apply it at home. 54:24 Outdoor activities were more structured in the USA as they have a larger population. Their natural heritage was more commercialised. Kids’ camps in Perth were organised at Rottnest and Mundaring. Camps were to encourage children to grow in all areas – not just in sport. Scouts and church groups were doing similar activities. The 60s were the era of structured youth activities. This broke down in the 70s, particularly around the time of the Vietnam War. 61:50 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:42 Track 2 00:00 In February 1984, Bruce left the YMCA and took a job with the Guild Sport & Recreation Department at UWA to run the Recreation Centre. The Fitness Centre had only been set up for 3-4 years and had 500-600 members. It concentrated on the weights room. The job included testing people coming into the fitness centre, employing staff and running the centre. Bruce decided to focus on the broader aspects of fitness and not just weights training. He fitness-tested between 5-12 people a day – students and staff. He met some interesting people and encouraged them to take responsibility for their own lives. 05:08 The building expanded soon after Bruce started. The Recreate programme was a menu of different activities for people to try. Different fitness classes were incorporated in the programme. Bruce wanted the Centre to encourage people to grow their health and well-being. He started the Avon Attack programme which helped people every step of the way to train, prepare for and carry out the Avon Descent. 80% to 90% of participants finished the event. An early morning fitness programme was developed which was followed by nutritional breakfast. Circuit training was found to be an efficient means of providing all-over training. They ran 30-40 classes a week with up to 50 people per session. To keep people active they created various incentives such as a 100 circuit club or similar. These programmes mixed fitness, lifestyle and health and used all his previous experience. 11:08 In 1986, Bruce studied for a full-time Diploma in Education, ran the Centre and participated in the Avon Descent. At this time the Director of the Guild Centre left. Bruce applied for the job but was unsuccessful. Bruce concentrated on running the fitness centre around good core values, applying sports science in its purest form and allowing the centre to develop. He oversaw the Recreate programme and was able to double the programme three years in a row. First years were targeted with a smorgasbord of activities. Customer service was key. 16:00 Bruce saw it as a priority to get women involved. In 1986/87 it was male dominated. They started an aerobics programme but developed a culture that wasn’t about wearing cool gym gear. For some years there was a women’s only centre to encourage women to join. Once they had more women members, it became mixed again. The women tended to dominate the fitness classes and the men the gym. 20:20 When Bruce travelled, he would try and attend a conference to maximise his opportunities and his knowledge. In 1990, his boss left and he was employed as Director of Guild Sports. He became involved in the national body - the Australian National Sports Federation. This was the era of the Dawkins Report where tertiary institutions also became universities. Bruce attended a workshop that discussed the merger. It was a stalemate until the Western Australians instituted some sports games. Once everyone had joined in, progress was made! Bruce was on the inaugural board for a couple of years. They ran the first summer version of the Australian University Games. In 1993, the summer and winter games merged into the one event. In 1992, Bruce attended a Wellness Conference in Wisconsin. In 1993, a university team was sent to compete in Brisbane; in 1994 to Wollongong and in 1995 to Darwin. Each area of Australia was formed into a state body. In WA it became Tertiary Sport WA. UWA students often won so they decided to take the programme out to the different universities. 28:29 Voluntary student fees started to be talked about in 1994/1995. In 1992-1994, they decided to make the clubs less dependent on external funding. By 1994-1995, they had changed the culture. In February 1996, the State Government passed legislation to make student fees voluntary. The 1997 Guild fees would not be automatic. A team was formed to develop a proactive plan to cope with this. A review process started in April 1996 and a business planning model was developed. The end result was a separate association independent of the university. They started off with no money in the bank and 12 full-time staff that had to resign from the Guild and be reemployed by the new body. 36:42 Bruce treated all sports with a sense of equity and didn’t favour one sport over another. There were different prices for students, staff, graduates and the community. It was proved more economical to charge for some activities rather than run them for free as people put more value on it. Bruce would always look at what people did in other places. He feels WA stacked up well compared to the rest of Australia. UWA has had to work hard to provide a service rather than rest on their laurels. 44:13 The colleges were territorial and did not feel that they had to connect with the rest of the system. Bruce sat on the Convocation Committee for about 2 years. The most important thing Bruce did in this period was become involved with the Fitness Accreditation in WA. He was involved in the WA Institute of Recreation and attended the local government conferences. In the early 1990s, he also went onto the WA Sports Federation Board for nearly 8 years. He was also involved with The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation Inc. (ACHPER). 46:58 Staff was encouraged to take on opportunities and experiences. Sports Science students did practical experience at the Centre and helped to design and implement programmes. Staff training was important. Centre staff were employed all year round whereas students only attended for 8 months a year. To keep afloat, the community was encouraged to join the Centre. Recreate programmes were designed to run twice during a semester to enable the Centre to have a second intake. It was realised that a mix of people was beneficial for the students. Information sessions were a part of the programme as well as cross country ski trips or trips to Nepal. They always offered exciting and challenging programmes. 55:51 New clients had to fill in medical information. Every staff member has a First Aid Certificate. The screening programmes were intense and the Centre is very aware of its Duty of Care. Members could be re-tested every 3 months. 01:01:54 Interview 3 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:41 Track 2 00:00 After Voluntary Student Unionism was adopted (1996-2002), the UWA Sport and Recreation Association (UWASRA) had to cope with ongoing challenges caused by fluctuations in funding. It caused a shift in philosophy and forced them to adapt, be proactive and be smarter. VSU only affected WA at this time. UWASRA separated from the Guild and became independent and entrepreneurial. They decided to get the National University Games (AUG) back to Perth in 1999 in partnership with Eventscorp. The home advantage was significant to their success in these games. Bruce went onto the National Board. 05:24 The universities in WA shared facilities and knowledge. They focused on student participation but were innovative as well and constantly planning and creating future targets. UWA won the Spirit of the Games trophy in 2002. There was a change in State Government in 2001 and it was realised that sport was an essential part of university life. The Guild was divorced from involvement in student sport and recreation so that they could concentrate on other matters. 09:54 It was decided to develop an international event. When fees were reinstituted in 2004, they were already planning this. When funding returned they enacted plans for capital funding programmes and built three facilities: the Water Sports Complex on the foreshore (2005); the water polo pool and the Tennis Centre. The Water Sports Complex included padding, sailing, underwater activities and triathlon. The UWA Tennis Centre at UWA Sports Park, Mount Claremont gave tennis a big boost. Tennis is a big part of the AUG. UWA developed the Indian Rim Asian University Games (IRAUG). 16:14 The land at Sports Park was the best location to run the AUG. In 2004, the games were held in Perth again with a proviso to run it again in 2008. Funding support was developed for a new initiative - the IRAUG in 2005, 2007 and 2009. It gave them forward momentum. The Indian Rim included India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, Japan and South Africa. All the WA universities were invited. Much was learnt about protocols involved in bringing different people together on the sporting field and socially. Visitors loved UWA spaces. Sports were selected that would be attractive to this group. UWA badminton and judo clubs increased in popularity. They made some important international connections. It became obvious that UWA has an important role in Asia that it must actively pursue. 23:30 The first IRAUG in 2005 was followed by a conference of sports administrators. On the last day of the conference, national legislation was passed to make student fees voluntary. UWA had tools to cope with this new environment. The IRAUG was held again in 2007 and 2009. The national body pulled out of the region. UWA improved their performance in the AUG after 2003. They won the Spirit of the Games trophy again in 2004 and the Per Capital Trophy in 2008. World events – tsunami, SARS, the Global Financial Crisis and threats of terrorism together with staffing issues meant that the IRAUG games were discontinued after 2009. 31:16 In 2009, UWASRA worked with the University of Singapore to run a sailing programme. UWA won gold in the World University Sailing Championship in 2012. Sailing was started in a partnership relationship rather than at a club level. The sailing club is a community club and not just for students. It encourages junior members too. The clubs must remember that the students are their main focus. UWA has a partnership with Swan River sailing so they haven’t had to buy all their own boats. Sailing and golf have assisted in growing the alumni connection and neither is gender specific. 39:00 UWA has 30 different clubs. UWASRA reach more people through the Fitness Centre. Then through social sport clubs - the most popular of these is mixed netball. The Recreate programme has been running for over 20 years and has also increased participation. Students are encouraged to represent their college or faculty in national and international competition. Exchanges are very popular. 44:51 In order to keep on top of trends, Bruce uses travel to conferences interstate or overseas to investigate what others are doing. He also reads journals and magazines and has been on the board of several sports bodies. UWA is the only university that has won all 3 trophies at the AUG. CSIRO published a Megatrends document in 2010 highlighting the shift away from traditional sport. Sport is good way to communicate. 49:28 Partnerships have been very important – Australian University Sport; Eventscorp and Tertiary Sports WA. Sport tied to education has been a win-win situation. Community partnerships include the Department of Sport and Recreation; the WA Sports Federation and the WA Institute of Sport. UWASRA sits across sport, fitness, recreation and health. They are keen to develop leaders in the community. Partnerships have been made with other Australian universities and those in the Asian region, especially Singapore. Partnerships within the university include sports science, exercise and health; the Albany campus; UWA colleges and aligning themselves with the core values of the university. Another important partnership has been with the School of Indigenous Studies and helping to host the National Indigenous Tertiary Education Student Games in 2014. 55:28 Federal funding was reinstituted in 2012. It was realised that many Olympians were training at Australian universities. WA has adapted very well to the last batch of funding. Amenities fees were allowed to be charged once more. UWA got this up and operational in 2012. The database system has been updated to be part of the university structure. Data has been useful as a measurement tool of student participation, trends, changes and outcomes. Growths during that period have been outstanding in usage of the Fitness Centre and in social sports. The Fitness Centre was upgraded in 2011 and the capacity has been doubled. 01:00:31 UWA Sport & Recreation have been on the front foot to align themselves with UWA’s push for volunteering as part of their new course structure. Outdoor leadership is now huge. UWASRA are now operating at 30% funded and 70% self-earned which has been a huge shift. They have been inundated by reviews in this period. The recommendations made in 2011 can now be carried out due to the amenities funding. Employment systems have changed about 7 or 8 times which is onerous on a small business. Technology changes have been massive. Change has been the constant theme. Adaptation has given the organisation to ability to flourish. 01:05:48 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/61e5e93d696ee85920313dd1addd21c5.mp3">Meakins, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b663c0ce3c0c114761605f18360ae48d.mp3">Meakins, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/c5190548e7c8af5f8a56fcce3544461d.mp3">Meakins, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/22c5fd9cbc7321e4dc4ff7a65467b167.mp3">Meakins, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/c45931448722a561e810e173af476ab9.mp3">Meakins, Interview 3, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/660788e46f2ebc861264194d3461572a.mp3">Meakins, Interview 3, Track 2</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bruce Meakins interview, 9 October, 2014, 4 November, 2014 and 28 November 2014 Subject The topic of the resource UWA Sport and Recreation Association Description An account of the resource In 1972, Bruce Meakins took part in the Asthma Swimming Programme at UWA. He studied at UWA from 1977 to 1979 and graduated with a degree in Human Movement in 1980. After graduation he worked for the YMCA. In 1984 Bruce was employed by the Guild to run the fitness centre at UWA. In 1986, he studied for a full-time Diploma in Education while working full-time for the Guild and expanding the Recreate Programme. In 1996, Voluntary Student Unionism was passed in WA. Bruce became director of the newly formed UWA Sport & Recreation Association which had to learn to adapt and be proactive in an era of uncertainty and change. It is to Bruce’s credit that sport and recreation at UWA has thrived under his leadership. Today, the UWA Sport & Recreation Association is more closely aligned with the university in terms of its vision and business strategy. The Association will face more challenges in the future but it is now much better equipped to deal with them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meakins, Bruce Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Kerry Hill Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1 hour, 10 minutes, 27 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 William Kerry Hill. Perth 1943. Background and early recollections. getting interested in architecture. No one is born an architect. Place and travel influences direction. Family background father dies in the Battle of Britain 1943. Mothers connection to the cattle station 00:03:28 Making use of experiences in later work. Coming University of Western Australia. The Perth technical college. Coffee shop in Zimple’s Arcade and the shiralee. Films and snooker. Art classes at the Old Perth Boys high School. A great life. Perth technical college, University of WA 00:05:22 Inspired by the architecture of Perth. Work and play. Friday nights at the Adelphi Hotel. Professional and architectural camaraderie in Perth in the 1960s. Friends with Jeffrey Howlett. Howlett* becomes mentor. The iconic Council House building. Engaging with the profession and the city. Jeffrey Howlett, Council House building, camaraderie. 00:08:00 Architectural faculty starting at UWA. Qualifications needed. 3 year course. First year 1966. Comparisons to tech. Initial impressions. Descriptions of buildings. 16 students have close connections with staff. Broome shire council and the tourist master plan. Roger Johnstone. Peter Middleton buys a combie to travel faculty around Australia. Architecture faculty, Peter Middleton, Roger Johnstone, 00:12:40 Close friendships between staff and students. Memories of Sir Harold Marshall. Peter Middleton. The world of acoustics. Jeffrey Howlett. The state theatre. Middleton brought out of retirement. John Cullen. John White. Roger Johnstone Burma and Asian architecture. Stimulants to go to Asia. Gordon Stephenson was steering the ship. Duncan Richards a marvellous master. Sir Harold Marshall, Peter Middleton, Jeffrey Howlett, John Cullen, John White, Roger Johnstone* 00:17:24 Gallery opening and UWA exhibit for the Biennale*. Janet Holmes a court. Hall green. A community associated with the faculty. A big family. Gordon Stephenson and roger Johnstone. The space of the university inspires. Returning to university. Gordon Stephenson, Janet Holmes a Court, Roger Johnstone, 00:20:30 Descriptions of The Museum of aboriginal cultures. Housing the Berndt Collection. Memories of John White. The running of the course. Core unit design and studio. People sleep under the desk. Learning how to draw. Comparisons of computer. The best designer. Art classes and live nude models. Introduced to the computer. Learning to draw, computer, design, 00:25:00 Learning to build in miniature. Design and model making. Learning in a community of peers. Discussions more than lecture. A closed shop on the campus. Sticking together as a group. No time to do anything else other than architecture. Learning to build, design, peers, 00:29:22 Leaving university and taking the university into career. Technology and architecture. The Concert Hall and capitol theatre. Buildings associated with. Memories of working on The Perth Concert Hall. Leaving university, Perth Concert Hall, technology, 00:32:22 Continual learning on the job. Wanting work in the united states. Working as an architect in Hong Kong and Bali. Field work and Bali. Working in Asia different from experiences in Perth. Aspiring to good architecture. Comparing India and Asian processes of building. Learning on the job, good architecture, Hong Kong, Bali. 00:37:45 Problems with working in Bali. Working 18 hrs a day. Working in designing hotels. Deciding to stop working on hotels. Doing competitions since 2005. State theatre comp and diversification. Bali, hotels, competitions, 00:42:11 Building in place and problem solving and building form and type. Art Gallery of NSW complicated sites. Tough competition. Reciprocal influence between modern principles and traditions of the east. Examples of working Bhutan. Discussion with the Prime Minister of Bhutan. Traditional building in Bhutan. Earthquake resistant buildings. Competition, Traditional, influences, Bhutan 00:48:17 Direct influence and technology transfer. Tradition and building. Influences taken on board. Spirit of buildings. Building light weight in Kyoto. Tradition, influence, technology transfer Track 2 00:00:00 Women in the course. Jean Brodie-Hall and the lay out of the gardens. Looking at the campus. Seeing the trees and the building. The loss of vision of the university. Gus Ferguson departure. The Reid library a bit of a departure. The business school. The sense of place found in the old buildings and the gardens. Ted Snell – 100 favourite things about the university. Jean Brodie-Hall, Gus Ferguson, Ted Snell, loss of vision 00:04:54 Place and space and the growth of the university. Planning and special. The open spaces between the buildings. Gus Ferguson and the growth of the university and plans. Stretching down fairway. Expanding beyond the ground. Gus Ferguson. Off campus buildings. Boundaries. Planning, Gus Ferguson, campus building, 00:07:50 Awarded for work. Aga Kahn Award for Architecture 2001* and Order of Australia Medal. Importance of being awarded an Honorary Doctorate of UWA. 2006 the Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal. Surprise of awards. Trying to do work better. Involvements of building in Perth. Home coming. State Theatre and Perth City library. Sitting in a building. Winning competitions. Museum close to Kerry Hill. Awards, Home coming, State Theatre, Awards 00:13:40 Completing the circle. Great feelings associated with working across the road from where he studied. Employing UWA graduates. Becoming serious competitors. Graduates of UWA comparing to the best Graduates of the best universities of the world. Mentorship programmes set up with UWA graduates. University graduates, mentorship 00:16:54 Looking from the past to the future. Helping graduates. Remaining close to graduates. Jack London. University placed in the academic community of Perth. Looking at the UWA architectural course. Past and future, Jack London, academic community. Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5d60ff75b1c8b2899e7c665a1372c550.mp3">Hill, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5b6e67ad7274f3229e1af1cc616db255.mp3">Hill, Interview 1, Track 2</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kerry Hill interview, 21 November, 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Architecture Description An account of the resource This is an interview with Kerry Hill, who studied architecture at Perth Technical College before transferring to the University of WA as one of the first intact of architectural students in 1966. He graduating from UWA in 1968. He worked for Howlett & Bailey on projects such as the building of the Perth Concert Hall from 1969 to 1971 before moving to work in Hong Kong and throughout Asia. In 1979 Hill would establish Kerry Hill Architects based in Singapore. During the interview he talks of his memories of coming to UWA and the strong sense of community that he experienced in the faculty of Architecture. He talks of his memories of the university architectural course and the staff he experienced in a close knit group. He speaks of his impressions of how the university has changed, along side discussing how he believes the study of Architecture has changed. He talks of some of his work, including the proposed Museum for Aboriginal Cultures at UWA. He also talks of a sense of homecoming when talking about his work with The State Theatre and The City of Perth Library building. Hill has been awarded for his work, which includes the Aga Khan Award for Architecture 2001, Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 2006. He is also a recipient of the Order of Australia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hill, Kerry Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral history Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Antoinette Kennedy Location The location of the interview Trigg, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 13 minutes, 36 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 6 minutes, 55 seconds Interview 3: 1 hour, 19 minutes, 42 seconds Total: 3 hours, 40 minutes, 13 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:33 Track 2 00:00 Antoinette Kennedy was born on 18 May 1945 in Mount Hawthorn. Her family were of Irish extraction but had been in WA for several generations. The family lived on an acre of land in Roberts Street, Joondanna. Antoinette’s father had a trotting stable. Family members lived around the suburb. Her father and aunt both attended St Kieran’s Catholic Primary School. Her mother left school at the age of 14. 06:11 Antoinette’s grandfather was a Bailiff. Her mother worked in the office and then worked with her husband who was a fruit and vegetable wholesaler. Most of the produce went to Stations in the Norwest. Antoinette attended St Keiran’s. Boys left in third grade and then to Christian Brothers in Leederville. The teaching was not of a high standard but the nuns were a good example of what women could achieve. 14:36 Antoinette did her Junior at St Kieran’s and did her Leaving at Leederville Technical College. The lectures at Leederville Technical College were inspiring. She was the first student from St Keiran’s to attend university. Antoinette’s mother encouraged her to go on to higher education as she didn’t get the chance herself. Her mother valued education for its own sake but also stressed on Antoinette the need to be financially independent. 22:08 In the 1960s, women who worked in an office or for the Public Service had to give up work once they got married. Teaching was mooted as an option. In first year at UWA, students had to do two Arts subjects as part of their Law degree. Professor Beasley suggested Antoinette take Philosophy rather than Psychology. She studied Legal History and Constitutional Law. The Law School was small and enclosed like a college. It was located near Broadway. Students were expected to maintain a good standard of dress and wore gowns to lectures. 28:32 Antoinette did not know anybody in the Law School. In her year, there were two girls from Presbyterian Ladies College and another from Mount Lawley High School. A girl from Hong Kong returned there after graduating. The girls would discuss clothes and make up and the Law Ball in the locker room. Antoinette was ‘dating’ for her last two years at Law School. It was fairly easy to find partners at university. 35:00 Antoinette is still friends with some of the male students she met at Law School. Numbers whittled down – especially after First Year. Antoinette did not find law difficult but she did have to learn how to study. The full-time lecturers were assisted by professionals who lectured part-time. Professor Payne arrived from Oxford in 1963. He became Dean and Professor Beasley retired. Professor Payne encouraged Richard Harding to join UWA. Harding referred to the students as “Idle toads”. Marking became stricter. The Law School started to change under Payne. 43:32 The part-time lecturers had a different approach. John Toohey was a part time lecturer who became a High Court Judge. Learning to read cases was very important especially when Payne and Harding arrived. Law students were encouraged to visit the High Court in 3rd and 4th year. Newsworthy cases at the time were the trials of John Button and Darryl Beamish. There was also a lecturer at UWA who was convicted of manslaughter for the shooting of his disabled son. Professor Edwards who lectured in Criminal Law observed that the students were not sympathetic to the father. 48:15 Annette was not part of the moot team but recalls going to Melbourne to support the UWA team. 52:14 Antoinette enjoyed being on campus and going to the Refectory for morning tea and lunch. She recalled male students from Law and Engineering having a tug of war across the Reflection Pond. People did one off fun things rather than organised things. It was very carefree. English lectures were huge with lots of students. Antoinette did not challenge authority and felt that most of the students fitted their values and opinions to those of their tutors and lecturers. While studying a poem in the Woman’s Common Room near the Refectory, Antoinette was assisted by Dorothy Hewett . 58:45 Antoinette did not know which area of the law she wanted to practice in. Ted Sharp always intended to go into commercial law. Others were going into a family firm. Women were not encouraged in the same way to set goals. Professor Payne asked her to tutor at UWA but she was keen to do her Articles. The students had studies while doing articles as well as exams. The only way of passing a law degree was to complete the exams. 01:04:48 Antoinette did not work in the university holidays. Many of the male students worked on the wheat bins. People’s consumer wants and needs were much simpler. Antoinette drove a car to university. The car parks were always full. Petrol was not as expensive. Antoinette had a Commonwealth scholarship but her family was also able to support her. Her parents attended the graduation ceremony in Winthrop Hall in 1967. Charles Court was the speaker. Antoinette was doing her articles at SE Tippett and Ellis. The Dean, Professor Edwards, organised this for her with Ted Ellis. Antoinette won the Herbert H Wheatley Memorial Prize in commercial law and the HCG Keall Memorial Prize for the top student in 4th year. 01:13:03 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:43 Track 2 00:00 Dorothy Hewitt and Edward Ellis of S E Tippett & Ellis were Communists. Many became Socialists after Nikita Khrushchev denounced Josef Stalin in 1956. Antoinette wasn’t involved in student politics. Some students with Liberal Party leanings wanted to break down student unionism. Vietnam protests took place after Antoinette left UWA. Some fellow students were called up. Antoinette acted for conscientious objectors but Peter Dowding did most of this work. Antoinette was not invited to do Honours. A fellow graduate, Judith Gardam, was furious that the women were excluded. Honours wasn’t a prerequisite to practice law. 11:45 Antoinette did 2 years of articles with S E Tippett & Ellis. UWA Law School relied on the profession to teach and mentor the students. In 1968, she went to Godfrey Virtue. It was a bigger and more prestigious firm with a large general practice that included conveyancing; Shire law, common law and family law. There were no national or international firms in Perth at this stage. At most, firms had 12-18 partners. The senior partner, who was Antoinette’s mentor, left Godfrey Virtue and set up as a barrister. She realised that she had no prospects for advancement and quit Godfrey Virtue in 1971 to set up her own firm - AG Kennedy & Co. 17:44 There were no other female lawyers at Godfrey Virtue at that time. Ilbery Barblett, in the same building, had no female lawyers either. Paterson & Dowding had had a female lawyer but she left to work in the eastern states. The office building was behind St Andrews Church in Pier Street between the Terrace and Hay Street. Antoinette did a lot of Family Court work (including undefended divorces) and some Local Court work. At the Summary Relief Court, women lawyers were required to wear a hat. Some of the women wore joke hats but Antoinette wore attractive hats! For her first divorce appearance, Joe Tippett came down to support her. 22:54 Women were treated differently from men. Many of the magistrates did not take a woman seriously and/or trust what she said. Clients too might initially be worried about being represented by a woman. 26:45 Antoinette was not able to network with the men over drinks after work and thus pick up helpful tips about legal practice. She was not offered a junior brief in the 10 years that she was at the Bar. Government departments in WA have done much to address inequality as it was proved that WA was far behind the rest of Australia. Women were not supposed to drink in public bars in Perth in the 1960s and 70s. Popular bars were the Palace Hotel, the Esplanade Hotel, the Adelphi Hotel and the Weld Club. There were only 5-6 women in practice. Sheila McClemans who worked for the Law Society was very supportive. Antoinette was not aware of discrimination when she was a young graduate. It took a while for her to realise the disadvantages she faced. The Second Wave of American feminists and Germaine Greer’s book The Female Eunuch became popular in the 1970s. In about 1982, 20 women attended a meeting to set up the Women Lawyers Association. 34:40 Antoinette founded her own business despite these factors. She rented a space from two barristers. The bank would not give her an overdraft so she had to use her savings. Female clients flooded in. She worked all hours and weekends for 4 years doing mainly Family Court work, criminal law and motor vehicle accidents. She did not have trouble getting paid as she often under-charged! After she sold the business, she travelled around the world for 9 months. On her return, she had enough money to go to the Bar. 42:42 Divorce became commonplace. Women did not feel the need to remain married to an abusive husband. In 1972, Gough Whitlam was elected as Prime Minister. He appointed Elizabeth Reid as the world's first advisor on women's affairs. In 1974, he brought in the supporting parents benefit. Antoinette worked on adoption cases at Tippett & Ellis. The Family Law Act 1975 established the principle of no-fault divorce. Lionel Murphy was Attorney-General. Elizabeth Evatt was made the first Chief Judge of the Family Court of Australia. At last, women got a fair deal regarding property. 53:18 As a barrister, Antoinette depended on the legal profession for work. The Independent Bar was set up in 1970 by Sir Francis Burt. It was resented in some quarters. The Bar was located at 524 Hay Street. Antoinette paid rent for her room and a library fee and shared secretarial support. Later, the Bar moved to Law Chambers. Working at the Bar was quite convivial. There were lots of laughs and drinks at the office on Friday nights. She is disappointed that she never was offered a junior brief in the 10 years she was there. She was the only woman at the Bar at that time. Val French was the first female barrister but only overlapped with Antoinette for about a year. Vivian Payne used to send Antoinette work. Antoinette found the first 6-7 months quite difficult. She did family law, motor vehicle cases, commercial cases and some criminal jury trials. 0:01:01 Antoinette wasn’t asked to tutor or lecture UWA law students. Douglas Payne did a good job of professionalising the UWA Law School. The law changed very slowly in those ten years. A big change was the treatment of the victims of sexual assault. This came about due to pressure from women in the community rather than from inside the legal profession. WA was at the forefront in taking children out of the court and allowing them to give evidence by video link from a separate location. They also had separate entrances so that they didn’t have to face the accused. 01:06:12 Interview 3 Track 1 00:00 00:46 Track 2 00:00 Members of the Bar provided honorary legal advice and sat on boards as a form of community service. Sheila McClemans, for example, revived the Law Society. Antoinette was the Honorary Solicitor for the Netball Association for 4 years. Antoinette was a member of the WA Parole Board from 1983-1985. The Parole Board met monthly for a whole day. In 1984, she joined the Board of the Catholic Archbishop’s Social Justice Commission. The church had decided to put out a statement on criminal justice and sentencing. Antoinette chaired this team. Visiting speakers presented each month and Antoinette prepared summaries of these presentations. It was very helpful when she went onto the Bench. In 1984, Antoinette became President of the Women’s Lawyers Association. The first president was Vivian Payne. There were more female lawyers by this stage. 10:10 Antoinette became the first female judge of the District Court of Western Australia in 1985. The Western Mail ran an article on the lack of women in the legal profession and when Brian Burke was elected Premier of Western Australia in 1983, he pushed for more women judges. Two new appointments were created and His Honour Paul James Healy (deceased 2008) was appointed as well as Antoinette. The appointment of a female judge created animosity in some quarters. The Crown Law Department had expected the first female judge to be appointed from amongst their ranks. 16:07 Antoinette gave up her position at the Bar and was sworn in by the Governor. The Chief Judge showed her the ropes. There was no other training. Each judge has their own usher and Associate. Secretarial support was shared. District Court Associates are highly qualified clerical assistants who liaise with the legal profession. Antoinette did not employ law graduates – she preferred to have a highly qualified administrator. 22:56 The other judges were very helpful. Antoinette worked a full day at the District Court. She was not given long criminal trials or frauds when she was first appointed. Judges develop an expertise in a certain areas. Some are better at running a court and keeping a jury together. Some cannot make a decision. New South Wales have set up a judicial commission for tough cases. Some judges find it difficult to move from criminal work to civil. 28:33 Antoinette’s first civil case concerned a leading Prosthodontist who needed work in Sydney as the result of a motor vehicle accident. The Chief Judge, Des Heenan, wrote a long document on how to write judgments. He didn’t give this to Antoinette so she presumes that he thought her judgments were sound! Des Heenan was always willing to help when necessary. 32:15 Antoinette was used to jury trials when she was a barrister. Juries need to be managed and given plenty of breaks. The judge must explain the points of law. Some judges explain to the jury what is expected of them. 37:18 The court is a theatre. It is designed to keep the various parties separated. The District Court was the building where the Central Law Courts are now located. A new District Court building was built across the road. Antoinette was made Chief Judge in January 2004. The new building was already being discussed. It was opened on 3 June 2008. They needed to make the architects aware of what was needed and the importance of sight lines. They were advised by a former Chief Judge to push for more jury courts rather than ask for river views. Jim McGinty the Attorney- General was very supportive. The Supreme Court also used the new building and didn’t want it called “District Court” but Antoinette stood firm. 47:08 Their wish list included decent sized offices for the judges and how the courts were to be set up. Being able to see everyone is important. There was a Technology Committee and that was incorporated in the specifications. The building was designed with separate entrances. Separate cores are necessary for the general public, the jury and the judges. This makes a court building difficult to construct. Security is another aspect. The District Court has more trials than the Supreme Court (both civil and criminal). Antoinette likens the District Court to K-Mart and the Supreme Court to an exclusive boutique. They are quite different. 56:30 The workload in the District Court has increased over the years. Cases have changed and become more serious. Drugs and sexual abuse cases have increased. Paul Healy annotated the Criminal Code and distributed his material and often referenced all the cases. A judge becomes hardened to the things they hear. They do not have time to dwell on cases because there is always another case to hear. Antoinette found hearing sex trials with young children to be very distressing. 01:03:46 The media can be very critical of judges. Antoinette’s decisions were the subject of many a talk-back radio programme. At one stage the prosecution mounted an attack on her. They combed through her list of cases (there were 20-28 cases a day) to find cases where somebody was let off and appeal the decision to the Supreme Court. This started in earnest at the end of 1988 when Red Burt (Sir Francis Burt) was no longer Chief Justice. He was replaced by David Malcolm. It continued until about 1992. Antoinette was portrayed in the media as emotional, incompetent and unprofessional. 01:08:00 A German criminologist, Dr Christian Pfeiffer, came to Perth and talked to her about sentencing. After the event, Dr Pfeiffer rang Antoinette and warned her that she was being undermined by her own colleagues. This was devastating. She was able to make it generally known that she would make it public if things didn’t improve. She was not defended by the women lawyers or her fellow UWA graduates. 01:14:14 This smear campaign was damaging to Antoinette and all women in the legal profession. It was an unfortunate and upsetting period but she has survived and outlived all her detractors. The UWA law student graduates of 1967 have fairly regular reunions. 01:18:56 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/940461badb5d447bbef49d515093d39b.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4480f13fd1567b345a0a92ff58dab303.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b486e9d0501190f5edcfbc6d3a28785d.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/0f30dc56841c0041c1c03b944b5c6b6d.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/573282929371da73b8d027a0f5c34e85.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 3, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/af50a4a70f0c414d8f9ac3d876195332.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 3, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4af1225b9dda5de33c8cf95c01d84f30.mp3">Kennedy, Interview 3, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Antoinette Kennedy interview, 18 November 2014, 9 December 2014 and 17 December 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Law Description An account of the resource The Honourable Antoinette Kennedy AO graduated from UWA with a Bachelor of Laws in 1967. She was the first and longest serving woman judge in Western Australia, serving for 25 years. She was appointed as Chief Judge of the District Court for 6 years; the first woman head of a jurisdiction in Western Australia and only the third in Australia. She was made Officer in the Order of Australia (AO) and was elected to the WA Women’s Hall of Fame in 201. She was a member of Murdoch Senate for six years, founding member of the Women Lawyers of Western Australia, member of the Chief Justice’s Gender Bias Taskforce and a mentor in the Law Society mentoring program for young lawyers. Antoinette is outspoken on issues of social justice and has a keen interest in the provision of affordable housing. She retired from the law in 2010. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kennedy, Antoinette Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Jack Kent and Martin Grounds Location The location of the interview Fremantle, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 2 hours, 6 minutes, 58 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:47 Track 2 00:00:00 John (“Jack”) Mallet Kent’s father established a book shop in Forrest Place, Perth. Jack was steered towards architecture by guidance counsellors but started a geology degree at UWA. Some weeks into the degree, he switched to study architecture at Perth Technical College. 00:04:28 The architecture department at Perth Technical College was housed in old buildings. Students had access to Perth for recreation. The profession had offices in the city and West Perth. The course used to be 2-3 years full-time and then students were employed for 70% of their time and studied for 30%. When Jack started at Perth Tech, the study was all full time with no practical component. The former model brought the students and the profession together. Every Friday night, the architects met in the bar of the Adelphi Hotel and students could go along to talk to them and ask questions. Today a void exists between academia and the profession. 00:09:28 The teaching at Perth Tech became more theoretically based. Today the responsibility of educating graduates in practical skills falls more on the profession. The profession can invest time into a graduate only to have them seek employment elsewhere when they become competent. However, current graduates do bring digital technology skills into the office. 00:13:50 In Jack’s day, there was no practical element to the course. The emphasis was on academic tuition. Unfortunately some of the teachers at Perth Tech were not competent teachers. 50% of the lecturers were recent graduates and very enthusiastic. The other 50% used old textbooks that were not really relevant to Australian conditions. 00:17:57 Buildings in Perth were quite conventional. The students were interested in the houses being built by architects such as John White, Duncan Richards, Wally Greenham and Bill Kierath. Design exercises in the studio involved some public housing inspired by architects such as Le Corbusier in France. 00:22:32 Martin Haslett Grounds is Jack’s partner in GKA. Martin wanted to become a farmer but realised that you needed land and wealth to make a living! Martin’s father was an architect and his uncle was a famous architect in Victoria. He had followed his father around on many of his jobs. He was an excellent draughtsman. Martin did his leaving at Leederville Technical College. He worked in Port Hedland in the break and then came to Perth Technical College to study architecture in about 1965. 00:28:32 Martin recalled that the students were very bolshie about the education they were receiving at Perth Technical College and that the place was “seething with discontent”. They were kept very busy. Reid Shaw was head of the design studio in first year and was very intimidating. Students worked in the studio late at night and on weekends finishing their projects such as designing a kindergarten. Students took drawing classes in perspective and suchlike at the Fine Arts Department in James Street. Many of these inspiring teachers such as George Haynes, Guy Grey-Smith and Robert Juniper became famous artists. Students studied structures in the Engineering Department at Perth Tech under professional engineers. They hated studying building construction and the history of architecture. Martin and Jack recall being forced to use split Indian ink pens for drafting which the profession had abandoned ten years previously! 00:38:04 Martin did not work during the vacation time. Jack was a cadet at the State Government Public Works Department. He did this for 2 years and resigned. He did not fit in as he wore jeans and a sheepskin coat and he found the PWD too bureaucratic. Cadets signed indenture papers. The whole thing was quite medieval. Students used vacations to complete personal projects. 00:43:56 The UWA course had been running for about two years by the time that Martin was in third year at Perth Tech. He was able to swap to UWA after third year. Some students went to Curtin University. A full time university course did not comprise any practical aspect in an architect’s office. Many students failed units and had to repeat them but you had to pass design. Martin recalled there were 100 students in first year at Perth Tech. By second year, this had whittled down to less than 50. By third year, there would have been about 30 students. The high attrition rate was directly related to the amount of time that students had to study – especially in the design unit. It did not allow them the opportunity to work part time to earn money. Those who stuck it out knew that they would be able to find work – even if it wasn’t in an architectural office. 00:50:51 Track 3 00:00 The Australian Architecture Students’ Association Conventions were annual events. Jack was secretary of the WA branch. He realised how much work organising a conference involved and did not want Perth to host the conference. Martin recalled many of them piling into an old Hillman and driving across to Sydney for a previous conference. The students’ conference was usually held before the Institute’s conference. The Sydney conference was significant but the Perth conference [held in 1966] totally overwhelmed the Institute’s conference. Student conferences were concerned with the education of architects. A significant player at that time was Paul Ritter , the town planner who arrived in Perth in late 1964. He agreed to speak at the conference. Most of the other speakers were from overseas. The conference was hugely successful even though managing the budget was very stressful. 00:08:08 The theme of the conference was Architectural Education. The objective was to highlight the failings of the present educational system. Invited speakers were all interested in education and better educational buildings. Team 10 invitees included Jakob Bakema, Aldo van Eyck and John Voelcker. Some of the invitees were from communist countries. A party travelling from South Africa were banned from leaving the country. It is thought that the CIA was responsible for this. All the presenters were positive and enthusiastic. Martin is amazed that a man of Buckminster Fuller’s repute would bother attending a student conference – especially as they could only pay half the fee that was agreed; he was 73 years old; and had been designing geodesic domes for the American military. 00:16:05 The conference was exciting and stimulating and inspired and motivated Martin for the rest of his undergraduate days. About 500 students attended from all over Australia. They were billeted out in various places including the Showgrounds and Claremont Teacher’s College. The speakers were accommodated at various hotels in Perth. Most of the conference business took place at Claremont Teacher’s Training College. Events were held at UWA and at Yanchep. At Yanchep they had a band complete with scaffolding for a band stand, speakers and lights and food for 500 people. 00:24:43 The conference took place in about April or May. John White and more especially Duncan Richards were inspired by the conference. Duncan Richards did some projects with the students involving geodesic domes. Richards built a house in Darlington using Unistrut material. The course structure at UWA may have also been affected as Sir Harold Marshall was employed to teach acoustics to the students. There was no ‘dead wood’ amongst the lecturers at UWA. Professor Gordon Stephenson was ‘old school’ and architectural royalty in Perth. He would admonish the students for doing extra curricula activities like running a screen printing business out of the design studio, building rockets and organising the T-Square Ball. 00:28:32 Jack organised the Architects’ Ball which was known as the T-Square Ball. It took place in the Embassy Ballroom. It was vast and took months to decorate. It was the social event of the year. One year Martin made the decorations which were life size cut out cardboard celebrities. “Sympathy for the Devil” by The Rolling Stones played in the lift. This was the 1960s, a time of flower power and revolution around the world. 00:32:26 Most of the time at UWA was spent in the studio. It was a new faculty and they were a tight knit group. They felt quite separate from the rest of the campus. The fact they were in temporary mines department transportable buildings from Kalgoorlie provided a special bond. UWA staff encouraged them to explore their own ideas rather than be spoon fed and regurgitate what they had been taught. Sometimes, they could suggest their own projects. Students chose the topic for their 5th year thesis. Track 4 00:38:01 There was very little mingling between faculties due to the size of the campus. Martin Webb delivered lectures to the students in the Geography Department on urban planning. Otherwise, they were very isolated. Martin recalled putting together a float for PROSH based on the Australian fitness guru Sue Becker. The architecture students in their group didn’t get involved with the Guild. There were student protests (about Vietnam for instance) but they cannot recall these in any detail. 00:43:22 The students still mixed with the profession. They would drop in for Friday night drinks at the offices of Howlett and Bailey Architects. They also had contact with the profession through graduate students. The professional was sold tickets to the T-Square Ball. One of their contemporaries (a student from Malaysia) presented an award to Tony Brand at Forbes & Fitzhardinge for the worst designed building of the year. There was only one girl, Maxine Canning, who lasted the distance. She transferred to Melbourne for the final two years as she felt persecuted by the academic staff. Today the majority of the students are females. There was one female lecturer at Perth Tech. Margaret Feilman was a part-time lecturer in town planning for the senior students at Perth Tech. She had been a rebel in her day. 00:50:03 Stephenson was involved in setting the guidelines for the form and materials of the buildings on campus. The students toured the Law Faculty because the building won a prize for the first successful building using off-form concrete. It was a sensation. The students did not involve themselves in controversies over Perth architecture however some firms had a better reputation than others. By this time, the profession was aware that certain materials were more appropriate for use in Perth’s climate. 00:56:21 Martin and Jack were not really aware of their own style and direction but knew what they didn’t want to do. In retrospect, they probably were influenced by things without realising it which makes it easy for them to work together and agree on things in their own practice. GKA works predominantly in Asia. They try to incorporate the material and culture of a particular country in their design. After graduating, they both worked in separate firms but always kept in touch and were sometimes even in the same building. Their partnership stemmed from a successful resort hotel design in 1989 which won the competition for Four Seasons Resort, Jimbaran, Bali. It was a 147 villas style hotel. Each villa had its own swimming pool which was a new concept. They have concentrated on designing resort hotels ever since. 01:02:11 The work has a great deal of variety because all the sites are different. Fallingwater was an inspiration for Martin and he is sure that sometimes they rework things into their own designs – not to follow them slavishly but to cherry pick design elements. The firm is design orientated and is not driven purely by profit. At Perth Tech it was driven into them that form follows function. Materials should be used appropriately and not do tricks to achieve an end. They are respectful of the materials they use and want their buildings to stand the test of time. The people at the 1966 conference were very ethical and had a sound philosophy and so did Duncan Richards and John White. Martin feels GKA have integrity in their architecture that has been passed down from their student days. 01:09:48 They don’t lecture at UWA as they are travelling constantly but they have had a number of UWA students work at their firm. One of them is now a partner in a London firm of architects. In Bali, they have been responsible for incubating 7 other architectural practices. In 2014, the two top students in Western Australia who won prizes were working for GKA. 01:15:20 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/0b7f4f25b2f7031d74f0b0f9d4684270.mp3">Grounds, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/de717dc1a5234a1fd8f5b7d35abbe71e.mp3">Grounds, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/39d819711a2e93f3a05fc37c39d86d15.mp3">Grounds, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4beab8be1e9c2028f6dfa3935835cc23.mp3">Grounds, Interview 1, Track 4</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martin Grounds and John (Jack) Kent interview, 9 January 2015 Subject The topic of the resource Architecture Description An account of the resource Martin Grounds and Jack Kent first met at Perth Technical College studying architecture. They both went on to study at the University of Western Australia. After graduating, they collaborated on several projects before Grounds Kent Architects was created. Directors Jack and Martin share a vision to create a small, hands-on, design oriented practice that allows them to be dedicated, responsive and connected to their clients throughout the design process. Their philosophy is that wherever possible architecture should involve and reflect local conditions, materials and traditions. Each project should reflect the sense of place unique to its location. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grounds, Martin and Kent, John (Jack) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Gillian Gallagher Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Miriam Stannage Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 54 minutes, 47 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview 0.00 Introduction 0.35 Statement of name, date and place of birth. Early childhood in Northam where father was an Anglican priest and mother came from farming family in the area. Moved to Perth at the age of six; boarding at Perth College. Impressions of life as a weekly boarder, life as a student. Memories of enjoying drawing geometry diagrams. 3.29 Art classes at Perth College, memories of one art teacher in particular – Robert Juniper. Place of art at home and childhood memories of father’s interest in art; mother’s creativity. 5.44 Left school at 15, did secretarial course while waiting to do nursing. Did two out of three years of nursing, decided not to pursue it as a career. Spent a year in Canberra as matron in boarding school. Returned to Perth and further office jobs. 8.17 1961: first overseas trip. Visited galleries with friends. Traveled to Canada, worked in a variety of jobs. Went to New York from Canada, visited several exhibitions. Photographed Guernica – strong memory of difficulty of photographing large scale work. Traveled from east coast of Canada to west coast by train. 10.35 Returned to Perth, 1962. More office work. Friends encouraged participation in adult education art classes at University of Western Australia. First teacher was William Boissevain. One of earliest paintings was of reflections in pool beside Undercroft. Continued adult education classes with Henry Froudist in Howard St, Perth, later on in a building on the corner of Milligan St and Hay St. Spent many years learning to paint with Henry Froudist, a Polish artist. Froudist inspired Miriam with idea of art as a commitment. Very encouraging of her work. Portrait classes held on Saturday mornings: sitters consisted of well known Perth entities including John Farnsworth Hall, Professor Ida Mann, Elizabeth Durack. Beginnings of idea that art could become a lifetime pursuit, encouraged by both Froudist and parents. 15.36 1967, established own gallery, the Rhode Gallery in Shenton Park. Showed young WA artists: Geoffrey Wake, Edith McNamara. Guy Grey Smith very supportive. Miriam not good at sales – too busy painting at back of gallery. Contemporary Society of Arts started in mid 60s. Guy Grey Smith president – organized interstate exhibitions. Members included John Tonkinson, Bill Hawthorn, Philippa O’Brian. Miriam was secretary of CSA. 17.47 Taking over Guy Grey Smith’s art therapy classes at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Heathcote. Guy Grey Smith and Miriam put up posters around the hospitals – this was before hospitals had acquisitions programs. Miriam was teaching and running her gallery at same time. Rhode Gallery named after father’s village in Northern Ireland. Gallery closed in 1967, taken over by Hesling Archer. Miriam continued to put her art into competitions. 20.38 1970: won Albany Art Prize, judged by Professor Bernard Smith, leading to seven month stay in Paris and use of studio there. Produced body of work in Paris, largely experimental, influenced by Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, American abstract painters. Enjoyed exhibitions in Paris, particularly one of frescoes from Florence. Lived and worked very near Notre Dame, attended free concerts there. Church music and choral music part of her background – mother used to be pianist and organist. Saw Chagall at a Matisse exhibition. Did several drawings in the underground – fascinated by perspective of people against large wall posters. Regrets not bringing more work back to Perth. May have destroyed too many of her own works. Travelled to London, visited places where Constable had painted. 27.10 Returned to Perth, more part time work; offered night time teaching classes at various technical colleges. Earlier solo show, 1969, at Old Fire Station. Rie Heymans very supportive of WA artists – very important figure in art world. Exhibiting at UWA in group exhibitions; first solo show at UWA in 1976 in Nolan Room. 29.08 Beginnings of interstate exhibitions in Melbourne and Sydney, starting with Tolarno Galleries in Melbourne. Works included crisscross writing series as well as large paintings of Kodak slides. Origins of crisscross writing series and treatment of different subjects. Post Paris paintings – used the grays, sunlight and shadows of Paris. 31.35 Paris a turning point – felt she could develop own voice from that point. Influenced by ideas of conceptual movement, but not particular styles. Support from key people in art world – Patrick McCaughey, Charles and Barbara Blackman. 33.22 1980, married Tom Gibbons. Met Tom through Rie Heymans. Very different backgrounds. Both interested in the everyday. Tom interested in pop art, Miriam more interested in landscape. Complimentary way of working together. Interest in photography rekindled following visit to exhibition in Venice in 1979 with Tom. Had previously developed black and white prints in her teens. ‘Swung over’ to photography for several years. Printed her own work – created dark room in bathroom. 37.10 Late 80s: bush survival course. Wanted to relate to Australian landscape. Memories of survival course. Loved getting into the landscape. Survival course triggered ideas for photographic works as well as paintings. Fascinated by disasters of Australian outback – bushfires, floods, cyclones. Earlier photographs to do with history, newspapers; flood motif strong in painting. Many works relate to religion, biblical stories. Stations of the Cross shown at Art Gallery of Western Australia (AGWA). Viewers see different things, regardless of religion. Religious background part of identity. Wide use of Christian symbols. Reviews of her work - neither agrees nor disagrees with them. Work not visually the same, even though themes are the same. 43.54 1990: bought campervan, loved going off on her own. Work from this period about looking at ground, not broader views. Looks at evidence of human existence on the ground. Telescope in campervan. Belonged to astronomy group. Mesmerised by beauty of stars, subtlety of colours. 47.11 2000: Artist in Residence, Kellerberrin, through International Art Space (formerly IASKA). Kellerberrin near grandfather’s property at Tammin. Connection between people who started IASKA at Kellerberrin and grandfather’s farm. Felt at home in the town. Grandfather had given land for Tammin cemetery. Stations of the Cross series put up in church at Easter. 49.20 Key exhibitions: 1989 AGWA survey show (Perception 1969-1989), John Stringer’s comment; 2006, John Curtin Gallery, Curtin University; major show of photographs - Words in the Landscape, Lawrence Wilson Gallery, 1993. Impressed with professionalism of all the people involved in mounting her exhibitions. Forthcoming exhibition at Lawrence Wilson Gallery – in 2016 – to deal with work of previous 10 years. 52.00 Currently working with photography, security series – to do with vision. Began with home burglary. Origins of focus on sight/seeing things – Froudist’s influence. Greatest artistic influences – mixed lot – Turner, Giotto; Mondrian, Magritte. Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/66b919e26ef8d46d4b7689760afd730a.mp3">Stannage, Interview 1, Track 1</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Miriam Stannage interview, 18 December 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Art Description An account of the resource Miriam Helen Stannage was born in 1939 in Northam, where her father was the Anglican priest. Her mother came from a farming family in the area. At the age of five, the family moved to Perth, where Miriam attended Perth College as a weekly boarder. She recalls one particular art teacher at Perth College – Robert Juniper – and as a child, remembers her father’s strong interest in art. In later years, her parents were very encouraging of her art practice. After leaving school, Miriam did secretarial and nursing training and traveled overseas. On her return to Perth she began evening art classes with William Boissevain, then Henry Froudist, while supporting herself with secretarial work. In 1965 she opened her own gallery, the Rhode Gallery, and formed the Contemporary Art Society with Guy Grey Smith. After winning the Albany Art Prize in 1970, Miriam took up the offer of the use of a studio space in Paris, where she lived and worked for several months. That experience was a key turning point in her art practice, and could be seen as the springboard for the development of her future work. She has exhibited extensively since opening the Rhode Gallery, in both solo and group exhibitions in Western Australia and nationally. In 1990 Miriam bought a campervan and telescope. For several years she traveled throughout the state on her own, painting and using photography to create works, while developing her interest in the night sky. The Art Gallery of Western Australia held a retrospective of her works in 1989 entitled Perception 1969-1989. In 2006 the John Curtin Gallery at Curtin University presented an exhibition of her work from 1989 to 2006 called Sensations. A retrospective of her work from the last 10 years is to be held at the Lawrence Wilson Gallery in 2016. Miriam cites Turner, Giotto, Magritte and Mondrian as key artistic influences. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stannage, Miriam Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Asutralia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Richard Harding Location The location of the interview Claremont, WA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 7 minutes, 13 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 19 minutes, 1 second Total: 2 hours, 26 minutes, 14 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:40 00:00:52 Richard Harding was born in the Bristol area just before World War Two. He studied law at University College London and obtained a scholarship to Columbia University in New York where he obtained a Masters’ degree. Invited to become an Assistant Lecturer at University College London where he taught for nearly 4 years. Invited to apply to UWA Law School by Douglas Payne, the then Dean of the Law School. Richard arrived in Western Australia on 3 February 1965. 00:05:05 The university put him up at the Captain Stirling Hotel for a couple of weeks before he moved to a flat in South Perth. UWA had been in the news in the UK due through the Benn murder case in 1964. Richard’s contract was for 2 years but soon had no thoughts of returning to the UK because the university provided a supportive, friendly and collegial environment. He got to know a wide cross section of people across the whole university both professional and non-professional. Within days of his arrival, he was sampling the delights of the Festival of Perth. At that time, the UWA Law School was highly regarded by the judiciary and the profession – much more so than had been the case in London. 00:10:39 Richard was teaching Conflict of Law within 3 weeks of his arrival. This subject had a very strong Australian Constitutional law overlay. Richard put together the student Case Book which was the 600-700 page textbook for the course. He realised Australian law was different to English law. 00:15:13 A week after his arrival, the Law Summer School was held. Many luminaries in the profession attended such as Sir John Kerr, Sir Zelman Cowan and Sir Geoffrey Saw. This made Richard feel that he was in touch with what was going on both in WA and further afield. Within 6 months of his arrival, he attended a very important Commonwealth Law conference in Sydney and met the criminologist Gordon Hawkins who sparked his interest in this field. The Law School was located in dongas behind Geography. At that time the Law School only had 7 full-time teachers and relied on part time visiting teachers from the professional including Sir Francis Burt, John Toohey and Sir Ronald Wilson. Douglas Payne wanted to professionalise the teaching staff but did not want to marginalise the legal profession from the Law School. 00:24:00 Professor Douglas Payne persuaded the university to commit to a new building and moved into the new Law School, designed by Gus Ferguson, in about 1967 or 1968. The old premises could not cope with the increase in the student body and teaching staff. The main university campus was concentrated around Winthrop Hall. University House was located near the present Octagon Theatre. Everyone went here to socialise. Richard was secretary of University House in the late 1960s. He was also secretary of the Staff Association. In about 1972 he was elected as a staff representative to the Senate and was a non-professorial representative on the Professorial Board. He was deeply involved in university life. 00:28:27 Each Faculty controlled some research funding. Richard was granted some money from the Law School in about 1967 to research the use of lethal force by police. This led him down the path of further studies into human rights, criminal law and human justice issues. Richard was living in a university house in Myers Street, Nedlands in 1966 when a policeman shot a young man dead nearby. Penguin published his book, Police Killings in Australia, in 1970. It caused some controversy. Richard continued to study this aspect of the law for the next 5 years. In 1971, he researched the use of police lethal force while on study leave at the University of Chicago and did a similar study with students in Toronto. Later, he studied fire arms in the Australian community and the events at Port Arthur in 1996. 00:33:43 The University trusted the heads of department to use seed money wisely. Richard doesn’t think he would have had access to this sort of funding in the UK. Richard suffered some personal attacks from certain people in the police force but he was supported by his friends in academia. Richard was not teaching criminal law at this stage. He taught industrial or labour law. This was a new course. The future Attorney-General of Western Australia, Joe Berinson, was one of his pupils. In the early years, Richard was younger than many of his students. The Law School attempted to keep up with changes in society with these new courses. 00:40:14 Richard was very close to his first groups of students. He had a holiday on Rottnest with his future wife and some students. He still attends the annual reunion of the first class he taught. Three female students out of a class of 26 graduated in his first year. Law is now female-dominated. Richard was part of the Arts Discussion Group (a dining club) at University House. Dining club members included the librarian, Leonard Jolley, a mathematician, a geographer, a geologist, a psychologist, a historian, people from the English department and occasionally a scientist. The group met monthly for an evening meal. Richard lectured in the Arts Department. The Staff Association was active. Later the Credit Union was set up. Management were involved with the life of the university. 00:45:38 Richard played squash with university people at Kings Park Squash Club. Richard’s social life changed after he was married to Alison and had children. The married staff set up a University Babysitting Club where time was traded for a babysitter but no money changed hands. 00:49:08 Several people at the Law School came from the UK. Richard recruited a former student from London to teach contract law. He also interviewed Anthony Dickey on behalf of the Dean. The staff made the system work for them. Today it is a different world. Other faculties did similar things. It was a pragmatic way to deal with the problems of a developing university but the top positions were open to a genuine contest. 00:55:30 Richard came on a two year contract but felt comfortable in Perth and soon found that there were opportunities here. After he met his future wife, it became clear that he was going to stay in Perth. The study leave or sabbatical leave arrangements were important to him. Sabbatical leave was not so readily available in the UK. In 1970, he went to Bristol University and then to Chicago. By now, he was launched on a public career path. He was elected on to the Law Reform Commission of WA in 1962 or 1963 working with David Malcolm who later became Chief Justice. In 1975, he was involved with the Australian Law Reform Commission. Justice Michael Kirby was Chair. Later that year, he went onto the board of the Australian Broadcasting Commission. It suited his interest in public administration. 00:59:36 Eric Edwards, the Dean of the Law School, asked Richard to put together a public lecture series to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the UWA Law School in 1977 . Invited speakers included John Toohey, Billy Snedden and Bob Hawke. Sir Lawrence Jackson, the Chief Justice and then Chancellor of the University supported the celebrations. The Law School had changed - there were more staff and students but the teaching method was still lectures and tutorials. The criminal law book produced as a text by Eric Edwards was used around Australia in the “Code” States, i.e. Queensland, Tasmania and WA (as opposed to the common law States of Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia). Mining law was being taught by about the mid-1970s. 01:04:21 Murdoch Law School was opened in the about 1975. It was mooted as to whether UWA wished to have a presence in the southern suburbs but it was agreed that a separate institution should be set up. 01:07:13 END OF INTERVIEW 1 Interview 2 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:45 Richard was made a full Professor in 1981. He had developed new courses at UWA and applied for the position of Associate Professor in 1973 based on his research and publications and was successful. He had built a profile inside and outside of UWA. In 1979 he published Outside Interference: The Politics of Australian Broadcasting. By this time he was involved in policy relating to gun control and use. He led a research project on gun ownership in WA funded by monies from the UWA Law Faculty. Then he applied for a national grant from the Criminology Research Council and did a national survey on gun ownership. Senator Lionel Murphy the Attorney-General was very supportive. This led to the publication by UWA Press in 1981 of his book entitled Firearms and Violence in Australian Life: An Examination of Gun Ownership and Use in Australia. It was a pivotal book on this topic. In 1981, Richard convened the first national fire arms conference that took place at UWA, the Australian Institute of Criminology in Canberra and the Sydney Institute of Criminology. 00:08:06 Some on the Senate felt he was not closely enough in contact with the legal profession but he had support in other areas. At that time, he believes he was one of two professors at the Law School. He taught some criminology and the law school was slowly moving to encompass subjects hitherto not considered part and parcel of a law degree. 00:11:59 Anthony Dickey was Dean from 1979 to 1981. He was a good administrator and people person. Richard became Dean in 1982 and worked with the legal profession to acquire grants for visiting scholars, lecture series and prizes. An entrepreneur who was going to fund the Chair in Mining Law was unfortunately arrested before this was made official. Mining law is now a speciality of the UWA Law School. 00:15:13 In 1983, there was a Federal election and Bob Hawke became Prime Minister. The founding director of the Australian Institute of Criminology had resigned and the new government opened up the applications again. Richard applied for this position and was accepted. His application was bolstered by the fact that he had recently presented the John Barry Memorial Lecture in Melbourne on gun control. He resigned from the Dean’s position after only two years in the job. He took unpaid leave from UWA. The new job was interesting and stimulating and opened many doors plus he became deeply involved with the United Nations. Unfortunately his family didn’t settle in Canberra and he returned to teaching at UWA in 1988. 00:20:58 When he returned to UWA, he negotiated with the State Attorney-General and the Premier to set up a crime research centre to organise all the data from the different government agencies and to be able to examine whether public policy was working. They received a capital grant from the State and set up at UWA to produce meaningful crime statistics. Using the data they could do also pursue specific research projects such as Aboriginal contact with the criminal justice system. The Crime Research Centre started work in early 1988 and ceased to operate 26 years later in late 2014. It was a successful and enjoyable centre and Richard remained head until 2000. 00:26:56 Richard had also retained his international links. In the 1980s, he did some consultancy work with the United Nations on criminal justice policy. In 1985, he attended the Seventh UN Congress relating to crime prevention and control in Milan. He was involved with two important conventions one being the Beijing rules on the Administration of Juvenile Justice and the Charter of Victims’ Rights. Richard was able to bring some of this experience into his teaching at the Law School and to bring visiting people to the Law School. He helped to develop a unit in Corporate Crime as part of the LLM (Master of Laws). By now, second degrees fine tuning professional skills were desirable and necessary. Later a Masters of Criminal Justice was developed in the Law School comprising 14 units. 00:31:11 Universities started to realise the benefits of being known for their research. Up until now, the UWA Law School had not really understood the importance of research. The Crime Research was doing the bulk of the research. The Centre forged ties with Mathematics and Computing and developed a computerised system to analyse data. A huge safe was purchased to store the data tapes. The Australian Bureau of Statistics was not at first much interested in crime statistics. This has since changed. At that time there was no overall picture of criminal behaviour across Australia. The Crime Research Centre at UWA took a couple of years to organise the criminal stats from WA. Then they began to do crime mapping. They published an analysis of road rage in a Swedish journal long before it got talked about. 00:44:56 The Centre employed many different experts to analyse the data. Data was also analysed to research domestic violence. Some of the law students used the Centre for their PhD studies. In hindsight, they should have had more of these. The Centre also taught a course in the Arts department that was very successful. Alcohol and drugs have been a factor in crime research for a long time. 00:49:06 When Richard left as director of the Crime Research Centre at UWA in 2000 a new director took over. Richard felt that their support base from the external agencies was not so strong after he left. The data collection dropped off a bit and the Centre’s relevance was diminished. UWA tightened up on all their research centres and attempted to control their autonomy and their funding. In Richard’s day, agreements were made with a handshake. From about 2000 onwards, UWA began to charge the research centres large fees. Good staff left for other opportunities. The Law School was going through its own changes and did not fully understand the value of a research centre. Earlier Deans had understood that the Centre was getting competitive ARC research grants and that the prestige would reflect on them as well. It was claimed that the Centre was bankrupt and it was terminated. Nowadays there is nobody organising the crime statistics for Western Australia - let alone collect and integrate them. 00:56:44 Richard became Inspector of Custodial Services in 2000 and served for 8 years. In 1997, he published Private Prisons and Public Accountability. He advised the State Government on private prisons. 01:02:41 Richard negotiated academic leave as part of his contract with Custodial Services in order to keep up with developments and do some teaching at UWA. He used his leave to work at Keele University and twice at Cambridge University. By now, he was an Emeritus Professor at UWA and teaching the criminal justice course which he taught every second year over an 11 year period. UWA is now in a corporate phase which reflects trends across Australia. 01:07:24 When he took on the job as Inspector of Custodial Services, Richard resigned from UWA but retained links with the university which meant that it was quite seamless for him to return. Richard prefers to teach in a traditional manner and see his students face-to-face. 01:09:28 In 2012, Richard went to the Free University of Amsterdam where the National Crime Research Institute is based. He became involved with the Association for the Prevention of Torture before he left Custodial Services in 2008. He did consultancy work in Britain with a group that was running private prisons; for the Australian Human Rights Commission and other Australian government groups. 01:14:45 Australia has tended to view the northern European countries and particularly Holland as being world leaders in area of prison rehabilitation. Universities can be the link in bringing innovative ideas to the attention of government. 01:19:01 END OF INTERVIEW 2 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/fa36128612da935c90987b1996dab643.mp3">Harding, Interview, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/900a96d7c323ef301c17bf5dd9eed3e3.mp3">Harding, Interview, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/2752227262273a3a6673e0851976d56b.mp3">Harding, Interview, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Harding interview, 1 April 2015 and 8 April 2015 Subject The topic of the resource Law Description An account of the resource Emeritus Professor Richard Harding came to the UWA Law School as a Senior Lecturer in 1965 from University College London. He was made Associate Professor in 1973, Professor in 1981 and was Dean of the Law School from 1982 to 1983. Richard became interested in criminal law and has researched and written widely in the areas of law, criminology and penology. He was appointed Director at the Australian Institute of Criminology in Canberra where he was based from 1984 to 1987. From 1988-2000 he founded and was the Director of the Crime Research Centre within the Law School at the University of WA. From 2000-2008 he was Inspector of Custodial Services for Western Australia. Since vacating this position, he has been extensively involved in academic and consultancy work. He is currently Emeritus Professor at the Law School of Western Australia and has been assisting the university to develop a more effective presence in the area of Law and Public Policy. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harding, Richard Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ken Michael Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview (1) 1 hour 10 minutes 43 seconds Interview (2) 55 minutes 38 seconds TOTAL: 2 hours 6 minutes 21 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1: Thursday 23 April 2015 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:39 Educated at Highgate Primary School, Perth Boys’ School (1951-1953) and Perth Modern School (1954-1955). Went to UWA in 1956. Debating and sporting opportunities at Perth Boys’ School. Had caring teachers at all of his schools. Mathematics was his favourite subject. 06:02 Engineering was a 5 year course. Student numbers had reduced considerably by 5th Year. Dr Michael had to do a supplementary examination in English which provoked letters to the West Australian debating how much English an engineer needed and eventually an editorial “The Un-poetical Engineer”. He is now very interested in English and History. He did not engage in sporting activities at university. At Perth Boys’ School, he chose “Roads” as the subject for a talk. 10:13 To go from high school to university was quite a bit jump. He is supportive of the new 5 year course structure being introduced at UWA. First year students were initiated by the other students in the Engineering hall. It was just good fun and nothing dangerous. The School of Engineering was off the main campus and situated near Matilda Bay. Lectures were in Shenton House. Engineering students also took lectures with the science students. The first three years was a general education. Students were encouraged to join the Engineer’s Club. The student experience through the Guild was very good. Dr Michael chose Civil Engineering over Mechanical and Electrical Engineering for his last two years of study. Civil Engineering students did survey work in the university grounds and studied astronomy. They had to create their own design project and drawings. 16:17 Dr Michael enjoyed the theoretical component of the course. Fundamentals were stressed. The lessons he learnt at UWA are still applicable today. You need to identify the problem, enunciate the assumptions and establish the boundaries. It is a very methodical way of working. He finds reflection an important element in undertaking any task. George Hondros was a key lecturer who taught structures. Graham Glick taught structures and design elements. Campbell Massey taught the theoretical elasticity approach to science in general. 19:30 There were outside lecturers as well. The hydraulics lecturer was a practising engineer. His practical knowledge was very helpful. The exams in this subject meant that you had to apply the principles. Gilbert Marsh, a Bridge Engineer at Main Roads, lectured to the 5th year students. Gilbert Marsh was a close colleague of George Hondros. George Hondros told Dr Michael that he should contact Gilbert Marsh to get a job at Main Roads. Gilbert Marsh agreed to this and offered him a job over the telephone. Gilbert was a great mentor during Dr Michael’s time at Main Roads. 23:00 Civil Engineering graduates could work on public buildings, consulting or construction. Dr Michael wanted to understand structure and design and to gain an overall picture. He also wanted to be able to apply the skills he had developed at university. He only intended to work at Main Roads for 3 years but Gilbert Marsh encouraged Dr Michael to remain at Main Roads. He also encouraged him to apply to Imperial College in London. Dr Michael got a scholarship to attend Imperial College and went to London with his new wife Julie in 1964. It was a good decision. The lecturers at Imperial College were very close in teaching methods to those at UWA. 27:12 Track 2 00:00 In the first three years at UWA, the engineering students took laboratory classes with the science students. The new buildings in Fairway were finished in about 1959. Dr Michael used the new building to test concrete models for folded plates for his Honours thesis. The students also tested soils and used theodolites to survey the empty grounds more or less where the University Club is now situated. He remembers the agricultural area around Shenton House where sheep nibbled the lawns. Hymie Spiegel, the Government astronomer taught the students. One of the projects he set them was to view a star by day using mathematical calculations. 05:58 It was a broad education. It was too early for the resources boom but opening up the State and infrastructure was very big in the mid-1950s and 1960s. In 1955, Professor Gordon Stephenson and the Town Planning Commissioner Alistair Hepburn published the Plan for the Metropolitan Region (the 'Stephenson-Hepburn Report'). The decision was made to build the Narrows Bridge and Michael visited the site when he was in Fourth Year Engineering. The bridge was built by the Danish firm Christiani and Nielsen in conjunction with Clough Engineering. The bridge used a new construction method – pre-stressed concrete. 11:57 The new Narrows Bridge used different innovations in construction. Things had changed over the fifty years between the building of the first bridge and the second bridge. University training and research programmes are instrumental in developing new technologies. 15:10 It was an exciting time to join Main Roads. In-fill material for the Narrows Interchange was being developed. The materials were tested in the labs at Main Roads and at UWA. Gilbert Marsh was very skilled in this area. Main Roads had a good relationship with the university. Main Roads people gave talks at UWA and mentored the students. The piers on Mount Henry Bridge were tested at UWA using micro concrete models. UWA also did specific testing for Main Roads from time to time and Main Roads sponsored short research programs at UWA. Dr Michael believes it is essential for academia and the profession to maintain strong links. 20:25 Dr Michael wanted to do postgraduate study. He could have gone to New South Wales but was advised to go to London. Dr Michael did a computing course in 1962 and used the new Main Roads computer, the Bendix G-15D, to do the calculation and analysis for a joint paper published in 1964. He enjoyed the analytical aspect. Dr Michael was supported by Main Roads and got a British Council Scholarship that enabled him to study at Imperial College, London. He married Julie in July 1964 and they set off for London in August 1964. 25:51 The couple returned to Perth in February 1968. They took advantage of living in London to see the UK and to travel in Europe. Dr Michael was awarded a PhD in 1968 for his analysis on shallow shells. He was inspired by the many bridges he saw in Europe including those in London. 33:05 At Imperial College he was exposed to other international students. Some of the inspiring people who delivered general lunchtime lectures included the Archbishop of Canterbury and Sir Barnes Neville Wallis of Dam Busters fame. Imperial College also taught him to stick to the fundamentals. 38:12 Returning to Perth, Dr Michael worked on the Mount Henry Bridge before he moved to Geraldton with Main Roads. He returned to Perth in 1976 and was able to finalise some of the details for the Mount Henry Bridge as the contract had been let. He worked on the extension to the freeway and country bridges and became more involved with construction. In the three years that Dr Michael was away, Perth had begun to change towards being the modern city it is today. Malcolm Street Bridge was in place and the freeway section was built but the Narrows interchange was being planned. Dr Michael used modelling to help understand some of the features for this. Even in the last 10 years he notes that there has been a dramatic change in the Perth skyline. 44:31 Interview 2: Wednesday 6 May 2015 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:50 Students worked for Main Roads during vacations and Dr Michael supervised them. He also taught a Masters’ class on Foundations. He remained involved with members of the Faculty both through his connections with Engineering Australia and with joint research programmes. 02:52 Dr Michael finds UWA campus a delightful place – then and now. Engineering students spend most of their time around the Matilda Bay area although they did visit the refectory and take part in the tug of war with the lawyers across the reflection pond. 05:30 He considers Winthrop Hall a magnificent building and enjoyed the Graduation ceremonies at which he officiated. There were only about 15 Civil; 8 Electrical and 4 Mechanical engineers who graduated in 1961. He considers the graduation ceremony to be a special 10 seconds and a moment when a student’s life can take many different directions. Contribution to your profession is important but so is contribution to the wider community. Now there would be approximately 150 plus engineering graduates each year. 12:10 Some Engineering graduates became consultants. A government job is no longer secure as it was then. Main Roads had a cadetship system but was forced to reduce the number of cadets that they took over time. Engineering students used to have to spend 12 weeks in industry to do practical work as part of their degree. UWA and Curtin were the main source of the engineering students who came to Main Roads. Dr Michael also encouraged draughtsman in Main Roads to study and become engineers. Some of the students challenged the way things were done and stimulated discussion at Main Roads through their questioning. They were encouraged to bring forward ideas. Dr Michael is of the opinion that listening is key and that there is always more than one way to solve a problem. Sometimes you have to go back to basics and rethink something. 20:03 Dr Michael was Commissioner of Main Road from 1991-1997. An essential part of his role was to consult the staff in the various offices and to take part in community consultation – over the Graham Farmer Freeway , for example. Dr Michael started Team Brief information sessions in Main Roads on a Friday morning to keep everyone in the organisation engaged and informed. He attempted to lead through engagement. 24:57 Dr Michael was elected to the UWA in 1998. He was approached by friends in Convocation and asked to join. He had attempted to join the Senate some years before but was unsuccessful. The Senate seeks people with a broad perspective who can relate with the wide range of activities that take place at UWA. They are also looking for professional expertise that people can bring to the table. Some positions are ex-officio and include students. The Senate comprises a very broad cross section of people. The university not only offers services to graduates but to the school community and to the broader community. An example of the latter is the Festival of Perth which has been operating since 1953. The university campus is also used for public forums. The university is there to offer opportunity for debate. 29:12 Originally there were 24 people on the Senate. This was reduced to about 18 people. At first they met monthly and then bi-monthly. The Senate has a committee structure in place that can allow for bi-monthly meetings and which leaves the Senate free to concentrate on the strategic direction of the university. The committee structure also allows people from the business community and other areas to contribute their expertise. 31:27 Dr Michael was elected as Pro Chancellor from 1998-2000. The Chancellor’s term used to be for one year and the Chancellor was elected annually from within the Senate. This changed to a four year term and the Chancellor could be elected from within the wider community. Dr Michael was very pleasantly surprised to be elected as Chancellor and his wife, Julie, considered this to be a special highlight. He had retired from Main Roads in 1997 to work as a consultant. Even though this change did not make his workload any lighter, he kept time for university business and would meet with the Vice Chancellor (Derek Schreuder and then Alan Robson) on a weekly basis. 35:50 Dr Michael regards the role of the Chancellor as being like the Chairman of the Board; the Vice-Chancellor is the CEO and the Pro-Chancellor is the Deputy Chancellor. If the Chancellor was away, the Pro Chancellor has to stand in for him such as at graduation ceremonies. Dr Michael believed the relationship between the executive team and the academic staff to be good at that time. He met with the academics and with the students. 39:39 There was an instance where the students were concerned about changes being made by the Federal Government to Guild funding. The student experience at UWA is very important and one that is highly valued by the student body. He called a student protest that took place during one of the Senate meetings. 42:58 In 2000, the Senate had to address the fact that the Festival of Perth had spent too much money under the then Director, Séan Doran. There was talk of handing the festival over to the State Government but it was agreed that it had always been a means for the university to give back to the community and that it should be sorted out by the university. The situation was managed and from then on. the role of the artistic director was made separate from that of the general manager who managed the finances. When Dr Michael was a student the Festival was part of the summer school but it was fairly low key compared to today. Séan Doran took the festival out to the regions. Jonathan Holloway brought out the French marionette show The Giants in February 2015 which was a huge success not least because it provided free entertainment to the wider community. 49:00 Convocation, the graduates association for UWA, has been a very significant part of the university and they have representatives on the Senate. The warden when Dr Michael was elected to the UWA Senate was Sue Baker. The students are encouraged to remain active and engaged with the university after graduation. The alumni are given the opportunity to get together from time to time. UWA alumni are spread all over the globe. Dr Michael is proud to be part of Convocation and to contribute to it. 55:39 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5b762784200e4f0c7ebf4f685b01ca6f.mp3">Michael_Ken, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d9957fb4fd196cbfaa7c0e769f898082.mp3">Michael_Ken, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/e0fd73991515f2d70b231cab50b1a8e4.mp3">Michael_Ken, Interview 2, Track 1</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ken Michael interview, 23 April 2015 and 6 May 2015 Description An account of the resource Dr Ken Michael AC was installed as the thirtieth Governor of Western Australia on 18 January 2006, retiring from this position in May 2011. He was educated at Highgate Primary School, Perth Boys’ School and Perth Modern School. He graduated in civil engineering from The University of Western Australia and completed his PhD degree at Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. He was Chancellor of The University of Western Australia, Chairman of the East Perth Redevelopment Authority, Chairman of the Western Australian Museum and a member of the Economic Regulation Authority. He also served as Commissioner of Main Roads and Public Service Commissioner. Dr Michael has made a significant contribution in many areas, including public service, engineering, academia and, in general, to the Western Australian community. He continues his support of the community in his retired capacity. He is currently Chairman of the Australian Defence Force Assistance Trust and Chairman of Broome Future, as well as being involved in other community based activities. He has received a number of awards in recognition of his contribution to his profession and the community. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1996 and Companion of the Order of Australia in the 2006 Australia Day Honours. Subject The topic of the resource Other – Chancellor (at UWA from 1950s) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michael, Ken https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8f64a27b6b841b92616074adc34c1a6f.mp3 033da91763a3647a7cb2bfa3db4e2489 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/70e0da085f150d0007f03727b254993b.mp3 b92390794eb829fa41927b6a54edf233 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7031ea9626554fd7e518924d8ce5a1c0.mp3 02352c32a481120f45f5c5d2d7064440 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Philip Silberstein Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 48 minutes, 58 seconds Interview 2: 54minutes, 10 seconds Interview 3: 38 minutes, 15 seconds Total: 2 hours, 20 minutes, 23 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Origins and family background leading up to career. Philip Silberstein grew up in Vienna. Born in 1920. Czechoslovakia, Hitler, England and education. Being tri lingual. Tertiary education and Australia. Leaving Europe and coming to live in Melbourne in February 1939. Junior lab assistant at the Aeronautical Research Labs. Division of forest products and substitute materials for aeroplanes. Melbourne, Aeronautical Research Labs. 00:04:40 Engineer in aeronautics at Melbourne University. Mr Arthur Weilds*. Suggestions of career path and mathematics. Engineer, mathematics 00:06:05 Memories of family background. Father was a pathologist. Animal experiments and teaching at the university. Memories of the laboratory and medicine. Memories of living in Vienna and the Czeck republic. And early education. Parents background. Family, parents 00:13:33 Fondest memories in Europe. Coming out of Europe as a result of the war. Austria was in absolute turmoil. Coming to Australia and the new world. Did we find Australia very primitive. Coming out on a boat. Academics coming back to Melbourne university. Memories of Black Friday bushfires. Landing at Fremantle. Smelling the gum trees. The little village of Perth WA. Dry grass and Norfolk island pines. Childhood, family, Europe, Australia 00:23:15 Career path and coming to UWA. Memories of the art gallery. Impressions. Early years in Australia. A different standard of living. Becoming stateless as a result of the war. Aliens reporting to the police. Career, university of Western Australia 00:29:49 Graduation in 1944 and classified a technical officer and research officer. CSIRO scholarship and years in Cambridge. Exciting time and subject matter. Mathematical problems and equations for the vibration mountings for the Mustang bomber. Functional analysis Bryn Smithies*. Graduation, CSIRO, Scholarship, Cambridge 00:35:50 Research student at Bryn Smithies had an encyclopaedic knowledge. Acceptance of the thesis and functional analysis. Working Melbourne and the Theory of Elasticity. Working on defence and dept of supply. Americans and secret information for CSIRO. Thesis, Theory of Elasticity, CSIRO 00:40:05 Rocket analysis and aeronautical work. Arthur Weilds* and engineering work. Technical analysis. Arthur Weilds*, technical analysis 00:44:18 Aeronautics. Consulting lab and radio telescope. Research and administrative nonsense and coming to Western Australia. Track 2 00:00:00 Encouraged by Dr Leavy* and Larry Blakers to University of Western Australia. Coming to conferences at UWA. UWA was growing and looking for staff. Getting away from previous areas of study. Initial impressions of UWA. University housing settlement of people with similar interest. Academic community. Seeing UWA being run. Dr. Leavy, Blakers, growing, University housing settlement 00:03:56 Memories of Sir Stanley Prescott. Running university colleges and the university board and the senate. University funding was state based. Federal government funding. Money into capital works. Non fee paying institution. WA and readjustment of fee structures. Prescott allows university to function without administered bureaucracy. Sir Stanley Prescott, bureaucracy, federal government, funding 00:08:14 Problems with bureaucracy. Numbers of full time students. The Bursars Office and investments. The famous Number Two account. Investments secure and profit. Problems with administration. Justify use of virgin bush. Staff and the running of the university. Buying and selling a house and The Bank of NSW and UWA. Story of the house. Staff members and house deposits. Administration, staff, students, investments 00:15:52 Interest in governance of the university. Department relationship with the Vice Chancellor. Blakers and Leavy* and Silberstein visit Prescott. Connections between the faculty and the Professorial Board and The Senate. Redrafting of the Convocation Statute. Blakers, Leavy, Prescott, Redrafting of the Convocation Statute 00:18:15 The senate wanted to change its constitution. Long process and thought for change. Academic and staff and student tension. Balance of the senate. Elected members and ex-officiate members. The Vice Chancellor and the Director General of Education. Government nominate members. 6 members of Convocation and the 18 member senate. Constitution, members 00:21:45 Committees made up of academic staff and admin staff. The Senate would have access to advice from outside The Senate. Convocation was cut down to 4 members as a compromise. Observation of the running of Convocation. Blakers insists to be on Convocation. The donation of prizes. Examiners meeting Convocation, members, Blakers 00:25:15 Introduction to Convocation. Two levels of being on Convocation. People pay subscription every year. Trips and tours around the world. Extracurricular activities. Becoming more involved in Convocation by Bert Priest and Henry Schafer*. Personal views of what Convoctation should espouse. Unrealistic aspirations. Bert Priest, Henry Schafer* 00:29:00 Secretarial staff of Convocation are paid by university. Cost of administration and independence. Furnishing the Irwin Street building. Staff, Convocation, administration, independence 00:30:40 Problems seen. Convocation loses power. Elected members of staff take no notice of Convocation. Academic status and person views to put UWA on the right track. Members of The Senate do not want to attend meeting of the council. Problems, power, council, members, Convocation 00:33:50 Warden of Convocation was not a member of The Senate. The Guild President and The Senate. Losing two seats. The Senate and Convocation and money. Prizes turn into medals. Financial Support of research students. Award ceremonies. Increasing the stature of Convocation. Convocation, money, prize, The Guild, financial support 00:37:44 The prime movers and shakers of Convocation. Kit Gray* and Dorothy Ransom. Dorothy outlives most of the members of Convocation. friends of the library. The old university and other universities. Prime movers, Kit Wray, Dorothy Ransom 00:40:40 Friends of music and the music society. Dorothy was a long supporter of the friends of the Library. Writing the history of Convocation. The Irwin street committee and the dubious venture. Sentimental attachment to that building. Replacing the Cricket Pavilion. The old Dolphin Theatre and the Engineering lab. Music Society, Dolphin Theatre, cricket pavilion, Irwin St Committee 00:44:47 Success of the Dolphin Theatre and student control. Irwin street building and student presence. Moving the temporary building. Mark Harland* the architect. Involved with furnishing and window treatment. Irwin St Building, Mark Harland*, fundraising 00:48:50 Heritage architect complain about the building. Heritage of the building is stretched and enormous cost. The Tuart Club. Staffing the building. Envisaging extended activities of Convocation. Tuart Club, staffing, heritage 00:52:50 Funding of staffing and paying off ex secretarial employee. Funding, staffing Track 3 00:00:00 Problems that have arisen from lack of funding. Fundraising by the alumni. Convocation prize. Cash value of prize devalues. Change of tempo and attracting funds. Volunteer bodies around the university. Completion for limited funding source. Coordination of fundraisers. Donations and tax free funds. Bursars office and uni administration. Problems, funding, donations, administration 00:05:20 Social event and fundraising events. Cost of functions. 50 year reunions. Successful occasions and archives. Functions and overseas trips have been phased out. Academic backgrounds are valuable. Invited to tours. Social event, tours, reunions 00:09:45 Keeping convocation alive. Scholarships and sources of travel funding. Kingsley Dickson and tissue cultures. Verbal report and functions. Kingsley serves on the standing committee. Student that benefits that gives back. Kingsley Dickson, student benefits 00:12:50 Committees and voluntary involvements. Friends of The Festival. Convocation initiated friends of the university library and other initiatives. Dr Austen* and Dr James. Enthusiasm wanes. Attracting more members. Pauline Tremlett. Benefitting and collaborating from fundraising activities. Committees, Pauline Tremlett, enthusiasm, Dr Austen, Dr James 00:17:16 Exchanging information. Arranging to collate information about meetings. And a diary of events. Administrative. Pauline Tremlett. Pauline Tremlett, events 00:19:40 The role of convocation and the Dawkins minister for education. The Tertiary Education Scheme. Vice Chancellor Bob Smith. Expressing concerns. Instructions on high. Politicians and assurances. Influencing education policy. The only way con can be effective. Quality of the members and warden. Susan Baker working for CSIRO impresses the Senate. Susan Baker, CSIRO, Dawkins, Tertiary Education Scheme, Bob Smith, politicians 00:25:17 Committee and convocation having a significant effect. Affect on fundraising. The impact of convocation. Higher profile of convocation. Involvement with particular groups. Importance of sport. The Sport Award. John Invervarity. Convocation has some status. Committee, fundraising, sport award 00:28:45 Convocation role has been extended. Convocation at Murdoch declared defunct. Convocation at UWA is there for keeps. The tradition of UWA will keep Convocation alive. Being seen as a benefactor. Summing up time on Convocation. Redrafting the constitution. Two elected members and the Warden. Tradition, redrafting the constitution, Murdoch 00:33:28 Getting to the Senate through the registrar. Time wasted in making progress. University and the computerisation of records. Software needed and the production of programme. Describing the body of graduates and the reputation of the university. A first rate university and the quality of graduates. Looking after the body – Convocation. Computerisation, reputation, Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8f64a27b6b841b92616074adc34c1a6f.mp3">Silberstein_Philip, Interview, Track 1</a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/70e0da085f150d0007f03727b254993b.mp3">Silberstein_Philip, Interview, Track 2</a><br /><a href="%20%20%20%207031ea9626554fd7e518924d8ce5a1c0.mp3">Silberstein_Philip, Interview, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Philip Silberstein interview, 24 August 2011 and 20 September 2011 Subject The topic of the resource Engineering, mathematics Description An account of the resource Josef Philipp Otto (“Phil”) Silberstein was born in Vienna on 5 July 1920. In February 1939, at the age of 18, he left Europe to live in Melbourne. In 1966 he joined the University of Western Australia, eventually becoming Emeritus Professor of Mathematics. Together with his wife Judith Silberstein, who was involved with Tuart Club, they founded Friends of the UWA Library in 1963 in their role with Convocation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Silberstein, Philip Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f4c0e73d8d759607cfe192ee43f68ab3.mp3 b0ec8a2c82eea163d4727ee02a4f8484 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7e2f5afb9d8a8e407ad182bdef292290.mp3 9be9fe5cf6aec7b802c674fc4068edb5 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/44a805ba753c892d9b13bc6f3e98f341.mp3 5425a594333c3cb3acbca1434952b623 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b869644386662e9d61b3428a45c4e245.mp3 a9893de2c3a1f63810f531dd852e23cb https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d812a1ea26c128cb4dec9bd2b2a405ed.mp3 ab8924b27697b51a109c6d552ff8a0bf https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/78e83599eaab49d5e9310de77929ffe9.mp3 9264d230671135676b6f33cbddc93444 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4d66a1c95ea40f7faa5bdaff07d67cb5.mp3 6f9c65dbbc2d84f2a2896ba8df81b58d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ian Constable Location The location of the interview Mosman Park, WA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 3 minutes, 48 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 34 minutes, 35 seconds Total: 2 hours, 38 minutes, 23 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f4c0e73d8d759607cfe192ee43f68ab3.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7e2f5afb9d8a8e407ad182bdef292290.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 1, Track 2 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/44a805ba753c892d9b13bc6f3e98f341.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 1, Track 3 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b869644386662e9d61b3428a45c4e245.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 1 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d812a1ea26c128cb4dec9bd2b2a405ed.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 2 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/78e83599eaab49d5e9310de77929ffe9.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 3 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4d66a1c95ea40f7faa5bdaff07d67cb5.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 4</a> Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:38 Track 2 00:00:00 Ian Jeffrey Constable (IJC) was born in Sydney in 1943. Father a civil engineer. Mother a high school teacher. Moved to Parkes, NSW when IJC was aged 4 as his father inherited the family farm in Forbes. His father had worked on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and continued to work as a civil engineer and worked on the farm on weekends. When IJC was aged six, his father resigned and the family moved onto the farm full-time. IJC’s older brother was to carry on the farming tradition and it was expected that IJC would make his own way. He more or less brought himself up as his mother and father worked full-time. He attended a one teacher school. A couple of his class mates were very gifted. In the 1950s, the town was cut off by frequent floods and he did his schooling by correspondence. He sat for a scholarship at Shore School in North Sydney. He did not get the scholarship but the school accepted him anyway. 00:08:43 IJC’s father applied his engineering knowledge to survey and irrigate the farm. Wool was £1 for a pound in 1952. The family were not poor but they were not well off either. When IJC got a Commonwealth Scholarship to university he was hoping to study arts but his father was more practical and advised him to study medicine as it took 6 years and was better value for money. IJC worked very hard at the Shore School to get in the top half dozen in his class. There were some luminaries amongst them. A good proportion of the scholars were country children. When IJC went home for the holidays he was expected to pitch in with the farm work. He did the night shift for the ploughing and the irrigation. 00:16:22 Prime Minister Menzies started the Commonwealth Scholarship scheme. The top 10% of children across the nation received a free education if they gained good results in their leaving certificate. IJC has happy memories of Shore School which had high academic standards particularly in science, technology and mathematics. IJC also studied 3 languages. When he was aged 16, he left school to attend the University of Sydney. There were about 780 first year medical students which was whittled down to approximately 340 in second year. Medicine was rote learning and written examinations rather than practical examinations. Students did have to assist in operations and help to deliver babies but the majority of their practical training was done during the intern years at a teaching hospital. 00:23:00 After six years, IJC did not know what he was going to do with his degree. He was accepted into the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPAH). It was highly academic but the working hours were arduous. Pay was £14 per week which was a third of a teacher’s pay. By this time he was married and his wife Elizabeth was teaching in Leichhardt. He had wanted to be a general physician but got to know some of the specialties and became interested in ophthalmology. After 2 years at RPAH a vacancy came up and he became a trainee in ophthalmology for two years. Then he got a postgraduate scholarship from the University of Sydney for Harvard. This caused some consternation when he left but the opportunity was too good to miss. He left for Boston in 1970 having graduated at the end of 1965. 00:28:51 Medical research was in its infancy in Australia. The clinical care in Sydney and general anaesthesia was far superior but there was not much research in ophthalmology apart from the work of Sir Norman Gregg at RPAH. IJC had to wait 18 months to get into the clinical research programme at Harvard. This project was funded by the Cancer Institute in Washington and lasted for the duration of his time here. At the same time, he did the clinical training and the American Board and became a permanent resident. He was appointed Acting Director and was also a junior lecturer in the Harvard Medical School. 00:34:31 In 1973, IJC was contacted by a person in Sydney who told him that the University of Western Australia (UWA) was looking to set up an ophthalmology department. Later he received a personal visit inviting him to come to Perth. Lions had funded the project and UWA were prepared to host the new department. David McAuliffe picked him up at the airport and took him to his home. David saw 200 patients on a Saturday morning. IJC was taken out to dinner at the River Room at the Parmelia by three different factions at the university on the same night! 00:39:40 The following day he attended a barbeque at a farm in the foothills. It was quite a culture shock. There was great suspicion of him because he came from the eastern states. Also, everyone was related to somebody else in Perth so it was very easy to make a faux pas. Boston’s population was 3 million people in 1973. There were 250,000 postgraduate students from all over the world studying at twenty four different universities in the Boston area. Nobody in Boston asked about your background. An academic board meeting at UWA was full of ex British academics who seemed to have come over to Perth to retire. 00:45:36 What motivated IJC to come to Perth? He was 31 years old in May 1974. UWA offered IJC an associate professorship in the Department of Surgery at Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) which he did not think was attractive enough. Finally, he was offered a Full Chair and $1 million in research funds and his wife Elizabeth was offered a tenured job as a lecturer in the Education Faculty at UWA. They decided to give it a trial for 2 years. 00:47:24 Bob Linton was an ophthalmologist and supporter of the Lions clubs in WA and was a key mover and shaker who pushed for IJC to get this position along with David McAuliffe, Ray Whitford and Chris Wilson. Bob Linton had persuaded the Lions Clubs that they needed an eye hospital in Perth and then they decided this was too expensive and that they should have a Chair in Ophthalmology and would fund an academic department at UWA. This was approved in 1970 and UWA agreed to pay the salary for 5 years. Lions were a significant political force. The Health Department put up half the money and RPH threw in a secretary. 00:51:26 When IJC arrived in 1975 he had one room in RPH, a secretary and a million dollars. It was up to him to make it work. He was flying back to Boston every month for the first year as he had to fulfil a research grant. He saw lots of patients at RPH but had skills that nobody else had in WA so he was in great demand. At the end of the first year he was performing operations in two theatres all day on a Saturday as well as working during the week. He had meetings with Lions every couple of months. Lions had started screening programmes in glaucoma. IJC would do screenings in country WA. Then he also did diabetic retinopathy. This lasted for 10 years. It created an enormous amount of publicity and boosted the profile of the Department. In 1980, the State Government gave IJC an Advance Australia Award. 00:55:15 IJC also visited Arthur Lim, the leading eye surgeon in Singapore, on his way to Perth. He became guardian to Lim’s children who were boarding at school in Perth. He and Lim co-wrote Atlases for trainees in the eye field. It became a best seller in the third world and was published in 14 different languages. IJC developed a reputation in Asia and he and Lim set up training programmes. In 1976, he began to perform operations in Australia and Asia using machines he had brought with him from Boston. This also added to his prestige. Many people wanted to come to Perth to train with IJC for a year. Private patients started to arrive as well. This meant that he had his own source of money instead of it all going into the UWA pot. IJC set up an independent institute and went half time. He used a model whereby they had a private medical practice within the university. This model still exists and funds 14 surgeons. It is the largest group in Australia and a percentage of their earnings goes back into the Institute which is a charity. This in turn funds the infrastructure for their research. 00:59:06 By 1980, IJC was on the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC) medical research committee and he had hired a group of researchers out of various funds and had a number of research grants. In about 1980, the Institute held 90% of the research grants funds in the whole division of surgery. Eventually, they became independent of surgery but this was not until the 1990s. Bernard Catchpole the Professor of Surgery was enormously helpful. When IJC arrived he was young and unknown and being based in RPH was effectively sidelined from the medical school that had been set up at the new Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (SCGH). The model IJC set up was to hire post-doctoral science graduates rather than doctors. He wanted people to do basic investigational research. There was some resistance to this. Luckily IJC was able to follow the model that was pioneered by Byron Kakulas . Rotary had raised money to give Byron a Chair in neuropathology. 01:03:10 END OF INTERVIEW 1 Interview 2 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:39 Track 2 00:00:00 When IJC first came to Perth he was installed at RPH with a secretary. He increased the Lions screening programmes and visited Lions Clubs throughout Western Australia two evenings a week for just over two years. He visited over 140 Lions Club. This cemented the support of the Lions Clubs and publicised the ophthalmology services. The ophthalmologists in Perth also demanded his services and he was very busy seeing patients (both public and private) in Australia and South East Asia. At first, the money went to the university and then dribbled back to ophthalmology until IJG set up a tax free foundation “The Australian Foundation for the Prevention of Blindness”. This money together with NH&MRC grants funded research. IJC set up a teaching programme which hadn’t existed before. He recruited a senior lecturer, Richard Cooper and post-doctoral science people to conduct research. 00:06:16 The Lions Save Sight Foundation was set up in 1970. This foundation provided core salaries for the research scientists. Most were from WA but one was from Cambridge University and another from Romania. RPH built an animal house. A dedicated research building was not built until some years later. The team ran out of space very quickly. In 1983, they transferred most of the laboratory activity to the old A Block in SCGH (this had been the chest hospital). The Lions Eye Institute (LEI) was now an independent legal entity and their new home served them well until the 1990s. Anyone they recruited had to have a link with RPH (which is still the major eye care centre). Half of IJC’s salary was put towards hiring Professor Ian McAllister. IJC’s secretary came from RPH and was very capable. She resigned in the 1980s. 00:10:12 Their reputation was dependent on being frugal and scientifically capable. Professor Valerie Alder became Deputy Vice Chancellor at Murdoch and Frank van Boxmeer became Head of Clinical Biochemistry at RPH. The core science emphasis differentiated them from other groups in Australia. At one time the group was the largest in Australia. They are the only group that uses private medical practice as a model for funding research. This model presently sustains 14 people screening and operating on eyes and a proportion of their earnings is ploughed back into the Institute. The group moved to SCGH in 1983 on a long term lease. There was never any question of moving to the UWA campus although there was talk about moving to the St John of God campus in Subiaco at one stage. The key Lions personnel involved in decision making (such as Jack Hoffman, Tom Cameron, Brian King, Kerry Price and John Knowles) were professional people and were eminent business people in Perth. The project was one of the first examples of good public outreach on the part of UWA. 00:14:32 Nobody at UWA minded that the group weren’t on campus. The Vice Chancellors were very helpful. Robert Street (1978-1985) joined their Board. Alan Robson (2004-2011) extricated the group from the Department of Surgery and made the group the centre of ophthalmology and visual science at UWA. This gave the group direct access to their funds instead of it going into the university pot. Chancellor Sir Lawrence Jackson (1968-1981) invited IJC to his home for dinner. Don Aitken (1981-1990), Justice Kennedy (1990-1998), Alex Cohen (1998-2000) and Ken Michael (2001-2005) were all friends and/or patients and were very helpful. IJC did not really feel part of the university but he was too busy to take part in many of the campus activities. He often travelled to Asia just for the weekend. He was also travelling to America quite frequently. It wasn’t compulsory to attend meetings at UWA and he tended to only attend those that were directly related to the Centre. As they did no undergraduate teaching, they were not really considered to be part of the medical faculty. IJC did take part in the university cricket club and attended Festival of Perth events. For 25 years, he did not take part in any of the lobbying for UWA funding. It was helpful being under the UWA umbrella as it assisted them to apply for NH&MRC grants. IJC held research grants continuously from 1975 to 2014. They also used UWA resources including animal houses, laboratories and ethics committees. Alan Robson realised that the centre was bringing in lots of infrastructure funding to UWA and supported them by providing more resources and salaries. 00:20:34 IJC joined the University Cricket Club in about 1975. The Club played a yearly match against the Swan Valley wine makers. It was a good way of meeting other UWA academics. 00:22:27 University ethics committees have tightened up over the years. In the late 1970s, the Sultan of Terengganu provided the Centre with a large colony of primates after IJC operated on his eye. One of the Vice Chancellors was opposed to primate research and it has since ceased in Western Australia. The gene therapy research is done on primates in Bejing, Shanghai and Singapore. IJC was Chairman of the Animal Ethics Committee in the 1980s and became the target of anti- Vivisectionists. A lot of this research can now be done on mice and by computer modelling. Research on humans can only be done if it has proved to be safe on animals. 00:28:40 When the Centre moved to SCGH they were given 30 rooms of space as opposed to 4 rooms at RPH. Instead of being a university department only supported by the Lions Save Sight Foundation and RPH they now became the Lions Eye Institute (LEI) which was an independent body and held a 30 year lease to the space at the Queen Elizabeth II (QEII) Medical Centre. The recruited more young people who are now professors. They all went half time at the university which meant for the other half of their time they could see patients and generate revenue. Revenue is made quite quickly because the turnover of patient consultation is fairly quick. They have an obligation to teach, to serve in a public hospital and to do some basic research. At one stage, LEI did more than 20% of all the ophthalmology in Western Australia. Today it is more like 10%. It was crucial to have independent space rather than use space in a university or a public hospital. The LEI created a tension within the hospital due to the fact that they were independent of the hospital and had different rules but the new premises made the LEI very productive. They developed an artificial cornea and solid state lasers and were awarded grants of $3 million and more from the Department of Industry and Commerce in Canberra. They eventually expanded to having 150 scientists and support staff in QEII. Laser surgery was first introduced in 1976. IJC visited the Premier (Sir Charles Court) with two of the Lions. The State Government donated one to RPH. 00:34:45 By 1990, the LEI was well recognised. Big financial backers included Sir James McCusker, Bill Wylie and Sir Lawrence Wilson. In 1992, there was a huge public fund raising drive which generated $8 million to build the new Centre at 2 Verdun Street, Nedlands. The Government gave them a 99 year lease on the land within the QEII. They also kept their space in A block at SCGH. In about 2005, they ran of space in Verdun Street. Alan Robson asked IJC to join with him to lobby in Canberra along with Fiona Stanley from the Children’s Hospital and Peter Klinken from the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research (WAIMR) (now the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research). In 2007, Prime Minister John Howard awarded them $1 million for a State Medical Facility. This built the block that is the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research at SCGH. LEI was awarded one floor in that building on a long term lease. This provided an adult research facility in WA. IJC considered that the scientists are better off cross pollinating rather than confining themselves to eye research only. It is working well since the building opened in 2013. LEI now has three spaces – the original floor on A Block, the LEI red brick building on Verdun Street and a floor in the Harry Perkins Building which are all accessible from each other. 00:41:06 The research demands are great and the practice is very large (15 doctors). LEI see 50,000 patients each year. The research groups are pretty much self funded. Some clinicians work with them so that the results can be more easily transferred to the patients. Diabetes affects sight. Safety campaigns have reduced many industrial accidents. People live longer so there are more incidences of macular degeneration, cataracts and glaucoma. Thousands of people use laser surgery to correct myopia. This was only invented in the late 1980s. Micro surgery is much more precise and cataracts can be operated upon much earlier than before. In the last 10 years, LEI has been using biochemical antibodies that are injected into the eye to prevent macular degeneration. Medical science is advancing rapidly. There are even ways to help blind people using artificial vision. Stem cells and gene therapy are other new advances. IJC has been working on gene therapy for the last 15 years. LEI has a science base which means that they can be involved in the development of these things. Perth is not the biggest group now as eye research has become the norm. LEI is comparable to the University of Sydney. The University of Melbourne is bigger. Eye research is now much more the norm. Australia rates very highly in research on a per capita basis but they are behind in developing patents. 00:50:02 In 1976, Professor Fred Hollows from the University of New South Wales began to push for an increase in Aboriginal eye care. Through the College of Ophthalmology he obtained a big Federal grant to look at Aboriginals across the whole of Australia. IJC volunteered his time and spent 6 weeks in the Kimberley. Professor Ida Mann had screened Aboriginal people in WA for trachoma and was very passionate about their health care. IJC also did screening and operations in Geraldton. IJC volunteers his time 1-2 weeks per year and the LEI is very supportive of this programme. Associate Professor Angus Turner has taken over this programme now and does a lot of rural surgery. Visiting Aboriginal communities has increased IJC’s interest and collection of Aboriginal art (including paintings by Paddy Bedford). 00:59:30 Aboriginal children are very long sighted and can read two lines below what most Caucasians can read. Aboriginal and African people hardly even suffer from retinal detachments. 01:01:38 Using mathematical analysis of big data will be the next big thing in eye research. Further research also needs to be done on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Technology is getting more advanced and easier to use. Computers are the way of the future. Drugs will become more effective but are very expensive. Medical economics will be more highly scrutinised and controlled in the future. In the early 80s, the Department only had one huge Hewlett Packard computer that was almost impossible to programme. Mounting debt due to the demands on public health care is already a huge problem in the Western world. The major market for medicine is in America. IJC would like to see Australia becoming as high tech as Sweden, Switzerland or Finland. 01:09:32 While IJG is still healthy he has no plans to retire from the Institute. He is proud of the reputation of the LEI. He knows people in WA and can assist them with fund raising so he still feels useful. IJC stepped down as Director in 2009 but is still a Professor. The present director is Professor David Mackie. 01:12:47 More than half of the students studying ophthalmology are now women. It is delicate work, it is possible to work part time and there are very few late nights or weekend work. 01:14:02 Track 3 IJC stepped down as Director of LEI in 2009. He feels research is a younger person’s game and that it is important to have renewal and an injection of new ideas and energy. Professor Mackie has different skills and has a different management style. From early on, IJC realised the importance of commercialisation in order to get the research flow onto the patients. $6 to $8 million dollars was raised to develop an artificial cornea. A company was formed and a development grant from the Federal Government gave them another $3 million to continue testing on animals and humans. It was given American Food and Drug Administration Approval. Artificial corneas were despatched from Perth all around the world. Unfortunately, the market was not as vast as expected. Eventually the project was sold to a company in New York and the LEI broken even. After two years the technology changed and the market collapsed. LEI were the third group in the world to develop an excimer laser with a solid state system. Money was raised to build them in Perth and they were sold in Hong Kong, Jakarta and India. It was floated on the Australian Stock Exchange and $10 million was raised. Trials were done in the USA and the $10 million was spent in two years. The stock market changed in Australia and the company closed down. The newest project is gene therapy and patents were made for that. A new company was started and it was listed on the US Stock Exchange. It has raised over US$300 million. Recent LEI glaucoma research has been licensed off to a group in the US in November 2015 for US$3 million. The American market is 60% of the value. Even in Europe, start-ups are very difficult to maintain. In 1976, IJC visited Singapore and other parts of Asia and demonstrated equipment during surgery with new equipment. Indonesia became a very important partner. Post-doctoral fellows from Indonesia trained in Perth for a year and do a research project before returning home and passing on their expertise. About 100 of these people have been trained and are now leaders in ophthalmology in their region. The head of the health service in Singapore was a LEI fellow. The Asian links are important. IJC was President of the Asian Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and this represents half the world’s population. In the 1980s and 1990s, he had several trips to India and China teaching the microscope, running courses and writing text books. Many Indonesian patients whose surgery was a bit more complicated came down to Perth for surgery. Every year a three day course is run in Bali which is attended by 500 ophthalmologists. IJC designed a cataract screening programme for Indonesia and successfully applied to the German government to fund it. Unfortunately the German and Indonesian governments could not agree on the accounting fundamentals so the money was withdrawn. One of LEI’s Indonesian fellows set up a chain of high quality eye hospitals in Indonesia. China is very big and it is already very advanced in eye care. IJC used to visit China for cataract training. China is now very high tech and has a good health system in the major cities. India is also changing quickly. In conclusion, IJC would like to thank the environment that the university has provided and values the independence that he has been afforded. End of Track 3 END OF INTERVIEW 2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ian Constable interview, 6 December 2015 and 9 December 2015 Subject The topic of the resource Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute) Description An account of the resource Professor Ian Constable AO trained in ophthalmology in New South Wales before being appointed as Clinical Retinal Fellow at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and a Lecturer at Harvard University. He is a consultant retinal surgeon at Royal Perth, Sir Charles Gairdner and Princess Margaret Hospitals and was Managing Director at LEI from 1983 to February 2009. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constable, Ian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History