4 10 85 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Dennis Moore Location The location of the interview North Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 12 minutes, 34 seconds Interview 2: 33 minutes, 24 seconds Total: 1 hour, 45 minutes, 58 seconds Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:32 Track 2 00:00 Dennis Moore born in country NSW in 1937. Parents encouraged him to take a scholarship and he got a place at Kings School, Parramatta. From there he took the mathematics Tripos at Cambridge. Dennis returned to Australia in 1958. 01:31 Track 3 00:00 Returning to Australia aged 21 and needing work, Dennis decided to become an actuary and joined the AMP. Dennis wasn’t there long when he was told that AMP was getting a computer and he was to program it. He spent the next 2 years writing actuarial programs. 02:00 Before the computer they had a room full of young women doing hand calculations. In those days, all office had a comptomotrist who did the accounts by hand. 03:26 The first computer in Australia was built by Trevor Pearcey in about 1947. In the 1950s Sydney University had the SILLIAC computer. Computers were scarce. The first commercial computers in the USA date from about 1953. 04:13 The IBM 650 was used by AMP and MLC insurance companies in Australia. Australia was 4-5 years behind the US. There was a weapons research establishment in South Australia that had a computer as did CSIRO. 04:57 The first electronic computer in the UK was Colossus. It was installed at Bletchley towards the end of the Second World War. Lyons Corner House became the first commercial users of an electric digital computer named LEO in 1951. 06:10 A lot of the early computer manufacturers combined and then gradually disappeared. 06:27 When Dennis was first working the computers were punch cards, tabulators and sorters. The punch card originated in the Jacquard loom in 1801. Herman Hollerith in the 1880s invented the 80 column punch card. This was taken over by IBM. IBM did not get into computing, as such, until the early 1950s. The head of IBM at that time thought that there would only be 10 computers ever built! These would be housed in the major universities. However, the company grew from strength to strength in the computing area. 07:36 Track 4 00:00 After 2 years at the AMP, Dennis decided that being an actuary was not for him and he joined the operations research department at Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) in Sydney. He used computers extensively and used the SILLIAC computer at Sydney University. IBM had opened a service centre in Sydney and Dennis was able to use this computer. CSR did not have a computer. The project was to optimise the return to the sugar milling industry. 02:13 By this time Dennis was married. A job was advertised to put in the first computer at UWA (and the State). He applied for this and was interviewed by Don Watts (Chemistry) over a few beers at the Metropole Hotel in Sydney. He was offered the job in 1961 but the computer would not arrive on campus until the following year. 03:58 In the meantime, Dennis worked on an IBM 620 machine at Lucas Heights which was the same model as the one to be installed at UWA. 04:30 Dennis arrived in Perth by plane in May 1962. The airport consisted of wooden shacks and was very small and primitive. The couple and their small baby were put up at the Captain Stirling hotel for 2 weeks before moving into rented accommodation. 06:05 The Computer Centre was to be located in the new Physics building. Dennis was the first tenant. The computer room was the only room with air conditioning on campus at that stage. 06:40 John Ross (Psychology) met the couple at the airport. The official title in his new role was ‘lecturer in charge’. He was officially a member of the Maths Department. The computer was to assist other departments. Crystallographers, in particular, were dependent on computing. To compete with overseas research projects, the Engineering and Science faculties needed to have access to computers. The university administration department was also a big user. 09:00 The computer was used 24/7 and people had to book their time slot. The Busselton Survey was done on this computer and CSIRO used it a lot. Engineers from the public service also used it. Outside people had to pay for their time on it. Internal people had a budget for use of the computer so everyone had to pay for it one way or another. 11:11 Dennis reported to the Computer Policy Committee headed by Burkett-Clews. He had used computer in WW2 for range finding. 11:49 The Commerce department took very little interest in computing. 12:24 Track 5 00:00 A university house on Fairway became available. They had 3 children under four so cheap rent was important. There were many young people from the university houses on Fairway and the social life was very good. They stayed here for 5-6 years. Neighbours included Leonard and Elizabeth Jolley. 02:22 Dennis was equal walking distance to campus, University House, Steve’s and the yacht club. 02:45 Dennis was a one man band and got into trouble at home as he worked such unsocial hours. 03:16 Fairway was called ‘Fertility Flats” as most people were in their 20s or 30s. Behind the buildings was an open paddock with sheep used by the Agriculture Department for research purposes. Agriculture was strong as was Chemistry under Noel Bayliss. 04:38 Campus was small. Only 3000 students. Young staff. Fielded a rugby side against the students. The staff played cricket against Jack Mann’s team in the Middle Swan. Dennis played second grade cricket for the university and rugby. 06:39 The university gardens were a tourist attraction. 07:14 The Computer Centre was next to the old Chemistry building. The library was built in the early 60s while Dennis was there. Physics was one of the first extensions from the old stone buildings. It was designed by the Public Works Department. 08:17 Friday night was very vibrant at University House. The Computer Centre staff played the students at cricket. They had parties. Overseas visitors would be taken to the hills and they would have a barbecue. It was a young and social department. 09:57 Track 6 00:00 During the 1970s, Dennis was President of University House at a time when drink driving was 0.08 and the economics of the house started to decline. Dennis pushed for non- academic staff to be made members 01:28 University House was extended and a new dining room was financed with the support of Ken Townsing, the State Under Treasurer who was also on the Senate Finance Committee. Dennis decided to name the new dining room after him which was widely accepted. However, he was rapped over the knuckles for this as decisions of this nature were the province of the University Senate! 02:27 Track 7 00:00 Arrival of the IBM 1620. It was the size of a large desk and installed in the Physics Building. It had been shipped from Brazil and the packaging housed lots of cockroaches. 01:08 IBM engineers helped to install it. They also did routine maintenance. It was a fairly reliable machine. They were common machines in universities throughout America. 01:56 At that stage, IBM gave 60% discount to universities. In 1962, the discounted IBM 1620 cost about £30,000. Computers were expensive. 03:43 Dennis recruited his own staff. He employed a key punch operator. There was a printer and a free standing accounting machine. Staffing was required. PhD students were given jobs for special projects. The first programmer recruited full-time was Colin Jarvis. Dennis approached him in the Great Court. 05:27 Not many people were doing computing at that stage. Training started off later on. The Commonwealth Government ran its own PIT courses. 06:32 The computer held 60,000 decimal words in memory. Programming languages are still used today such as Fortran. It was designed for scientific type programming. If you had to conserve space, then you wrote in Assembly language. 07:30 Dennis ran programming courses for the staff and students. 07:52 Pressure for using computers had exploded and there was a new round of Commonwealth government funding in 1967. The IBM 1620 was used from 1962-1967. It was kept after a new computer was bought and was finally given to the Observatory at Bickley. 09:14 Federal money was given for computing and it was decided to buy a computer from a small company in Massachusetts. It was the first commercially produced time sharing machine allowing multiple users. This was the DEC PDP 6. They put out to tender and the Computing User Group talked to the sale people. 12:05 They were able to run research equipment directly into the computer and share that time with other users who had machines hitched to it. 12:34 The power was able to cope with the computer. The 1620 was transistorised. Valves had gone. SILLIAC and the 650 were valve machines as was Colossus. 13:35 Dennis spent a lot of time helping the research students. He co-supervised the first PhD in computing by Colin Jarvis. There was no time to do personal research and the rewards were not there. 15:25 By the mid-60s, UWA had caught up with the rest of the world in the computing age. The PDP 6 gave them a huge fillip. 17:01 Track 8 00:00 Staff mainly recruited from amongst the graduate students. There were many female programmers such as Roz Fisher and some Asian students. 01:46 Dennis upset UWA again when he attempted to appoint programmers who had TAFE qualifications but not degrees. He invented a new position called Data Processing Officer. 02:34 Dawn Drysdale was the first key punch operator and the first employee. 03:25 Dawn was a good cricketer. An Oxford professor who visited was treated to a picnic and social cricket match in the National Park. Dawn opened the batting and played a cover drive that might have been the envy of Neil Harvey. 04:51 Track 9 00:00 The Computer Policy Committee was persuaded to support the purchase of the PDP 6 by Burkett-Clews. He and Dennis researched the computer in America. 02:00 The computer cost in the regional of $250,000 02:43 IBM were upset that they didn’t win the tender. The General Manager of IBM Australia suggested that Dennis was incompetent and that he should be dismissed. Burkett-Clews paid this absolutely no attention and backed Dennis to the hilt. 05:44 The PDP 6 arrived by air. It took a while to get it going. There was an acceptance period which is similar to the warranty period today. There were odd glitches as it was a new machine. 07:51 This computer was much larger than the IBM 1620– about the size of 4-5 very large fridges in rows. This was installed in a separate room to the IBM 1620. 08:45 The computer came with a high precision display and light panel which enabled them to have graphics for the first time. This was due to a donation from BP in return for the Computer Centre writing some software for their maintenance overhauls. 09:50 James Trevelyan in Engineering wrote a flight simulator on it. 10:04 Brian Horan wrote the software for BP. He was an ex bus driver who later did a PhD in psychology who was employed to do this programming. 12:33 Computers were proven to be a useful tool and were used in administration and the engineering and science faculties. But a Professor in Commerce stated that using computers in business was only a passing phase. 13:19 A big project was done with John Jory in the Classics Department to index the Latin inscriptions. This took 2-3 years to complete and was a world first. 15:33 It opened up the eyes of people in the Arts department to how computers might be used to help their research. 16:51 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:46 Track 2 00:00 PDP 6 required more staff. Monte Sala was recruited from the Carnarvon Tracking Station where he was lab manager. He was from Dalmatia. He turned out to natural electronic gifts. 00:51 John Ross was using the graphic display unit in Psychology. He had discovered that moving dots across the screen could be made readable using fewer lights than a traditional display unit. This could be used in advertising or for flight information display in airports. This was named the Betagraph. It was only ever used commercially at the Belmont race track. At the time the university was very naïve in their understanding and practice regarding intellectual property and patent for inventions. 03:07 At the time it was quite novel to have remote terminals linking into the PDP 6. They needed terminals remote from the computer centre to have modems. Sala was able to make modems but he was never able to get Telecom (or the equivalent at that time) to approve this. 03:52 When Dennis was working in government, he mentioned to Sala that he was concerned about security and privacy issues. Sala developed a low cost encryption device supported by the Research Institute of Australia. Dennis went to New York to raise venture capital from Merrill Lynch to get the device developed and marketed. They were placed in the SWIFT network which was the international banking network. 05:14 The major problem with the device was that it was too strong. Pressure was placed on Australia not to allow export of the device. For the time, this device was too strong for the international intelligence agencies. 06:38 Track 3 00:00 As smaller computers came along these became connected to the PDP 6. The Centre was very interested in packet switching and built a packet switching network. Bruce Kirkby was the main driver behind this. His packet switching devices went into various government departments. 00:52 Packet switching is the basis of the world wide web. Small packets of information with addresses and headers on them are sent and they are sent around from computer to computer until it finds the computer that is looking for it. 01:28 It was originally developed for some of the early major US universities such as The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and The California Institute of Technology where research workers wanted to use each other’s computers. Later on, it was taken up in a big way by the US military. 01:51 If you have direct line connection computers then taking out a major switching centre will destroy the communications but with packet switching, you can switch to a different path. The Apernet helped to push this along. This is what is used today. 02:23 Track 4 00:00 In 1968, Dennis was due for sabbatical leave. At the time UWA was servicing more and more government departments and it became obvious that the PDP 6 was not going to be powerful enough to service the community. 00:40 Dennis wanted to experience large computers. Control Data had computers in the CSIRO and they were the ones producing the large computers at this time. Dennis contacted them and he was offered a research position in Palo Alto in California. He worked on developing an online communication program for Stanton Pause between brokers and purchasers of shares to be in some sort of pseudo English. It was enjoyable work. 02:17 The side benefit was that he was working on Stanford Industrial Park and had contact with Stanford Mathematics Department which was then the computing department. He observed the close relationship between a large technological industrial park next to a university and the resulting interaction. The Stanford Research Institute was also in close proximity. 03:07 This area later became Silicon Valley. Dennis was able to play cricket on weekends all over Northern California. At the time, America was suffering heavy losses in Vietnam; Martin Luther King was shot dead as was Robert F Kennedy. 03:58 While Dennis was away the Federal Government had decided to put more money into computing in universities. Large computing centres were to be set up in the cities to service CSIRO and the universities. WA received funding to expand the Computer Centre. At that time, Perth was small enough for people to talk to each but big enough for things to happen. 06:08 Dennis helped to negotiate to buy a large cyber computer. A new wing was built onto the Physics Department to house the new computer and the air conditioning requirements. 07:04 Large remote batch terminals were introduced. By this time, student numbers had increased. The Graduate Diploma was introduced which was the first computer qualification in WA. 08:01 Main Roads, Hospitals, Universities and the Department of Agriculture were all serviced by this Regional Computer Centre [see hand drawn plan]. In time these people got batch terminals and then smaller computers themselves until they installed their own computer systems. 08:43 At this time, hacking was unknown and it was probably almost impossible to get into each other’s systems. 09:50 The economies of scale were workable – compared to the eastern states, UWA’s costs were 50% and they were able to meet the demand. It was run as an almost independent business. 10:41 The two major hospitals (RPH and SCGH) were major users of the computers. It soon became clear that they needed more computer power. They bought their own cyber computers. These were put in with the other computer. They also needed their own programming staff. A deal was negotiated where another wing of the Physics building would be constructed which would be paid for by UWA. This would be leased back for 30 years to the Health Department, after which the building would revert to the university. 12:09 The field of health computing was ripe for new developments in computer technology. In Western Australia every patient had a single number which was the patient master index enabling them to be identified in the WA medical system. This was in the days before Medicare. It was decided to install smaller computers in the hospitals that would have direct online access to the bigger computer. Control Data engineers could not link the smaller computers to the large cyber computer. E-health is still not a reality. 14:43 Track 5 00:00 Dennis was seconded to the Lands Department for 3 months. They were using computers to help draw maps. There was enormous potential for integrating land information systems but the technology was not well enough developed to move forward. 02:07 Dennis thought that Japan would be the next big centre of computer technology. He studied Japanese for 2 years before taking a Sabbatical in Tokyo (1977-78). He realised that the Japanese computer industry was imitative rather than novel. 04:30 On returning to Australia, Denis realised that computing was changing and the Regional Computer Centre would eventually decline as agencies became independent. 05:44 Dennis got a secondment to Government Computing for 3 years and then decided to become permanent and he resigned from UWA in 1978. He was also frustrated by the fact that UWA told him that he was not allowed to do any research. Dennis feels that UWA did not fully appreciate some of the unique things the University Computer Centre was doing at the time. 06:50 Don Watts and Dennis had been keen to set up a Technology Park in Perth. Perth was not a place that was driven by technological development and even UWA placed more emphasis on agriculture rather than technology. Don Watts became director of WAIT when Dennis was working in Treasury. Technology Park was developed in the pine forest opposite Curtin. 09:40 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/68bd96b28f431967de65c32f54debf3d.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/306b80de357ac5d881a3ad1ee01ec505.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f9d55bcd37969b496d1a3348ad32962e.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5940ce57302f50e154165d440e165403.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/ff6ff156eeca9da012d028e06132eec7.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b889f75a3a66d9d6cdc1b8da856b4a6e.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 6</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/73694799943e9e65fce6746a6304a246.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 7</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/20331ccabcafc44e01ae78ea6a72e8fd.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 8</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b9e246d34310364516abb679a076e456.mp3">Moore, Interview 1, Track 9</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5463ca879af5441af9ad775ae113c033.mp3">Moore, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/1091df0b0b196399a54127f45f2e396a.mp3">Moore, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/2c473249746e45c3f6f3072d02a92ec9.mp3">Moore, Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8d1f0b9fc6a7aad20ac0751606c8cfd3.mp3">Moore, Interview 2, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7ffd0f438caaf8945519f27f56a9fe95.mp3">Moore, Interview 2, Track 5</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dennis Moore interview, 5 July 2013 and 12 July 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Engineering; History of computing Description An account of the resource Dennis Moore was born in Goulburn, New South Wales, on 5 April 1937, he won a scholarship to Kings School, Parramatta. He later won the Broughton and Forrest Exhibition, a scholarship given to ex-students of King's School to qualify to attend Oxford, Cambridge or Durham University. Dennis graduated from New College, University of Oxford, with an honours degree in mathematics. He arrived in Perth in 1962 to become head of the new Computing Centre at UWA. He later became the inaugural director of the Western Australian Regional Computing Centre (WARCC). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moore, Dennis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder: University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Fiona Stanley Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 27 minutes 58 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 10 minutes, 43seconds Interview 3: 39 minutes, 56 seconds Total: 2 hours, 18 minutes, 37 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview rack 1 00:00:00 Background Fiona Juliette Stanley. Sydney 1946. Father’s father geologist in PNG. Grandfather’s death. Neville was a great pianist. Mother was artistic. Father’s Adelaide studies. Mother can’t afford to go to university. 00:05:14 Wonderful home life. Brother Richard interested in cytokines and leukaemia. Childhood in Sydney. Hospital, Long Bay gaol, Bunnerong powerhouse, Botany Bay. Seeing children in iron lungs. Soldier settlement infant school. Maroubra junction. No television. Creative mother. Reading book about John Carver scientist in America. Inspired to go into science. 00:08:55 Neville builds a boat. Sailing experiences. Inspired to vaccinate the natives. Coming to WA in 1956. Non-medical scientist and Lindsay Hensel. Neville Stanley has a live polio vaccine before Sabin. Annie Get Your Gun phase. Experiences of sailing on the Kanimbla ship coming to WA. Experience of staying at the Highway Hotel. 00:13:04 University houses in Monash Avenue. Professors meet at Monash Avenue. Professors’ families get to know each other. Support group. The academic community and excitement setting up a medical school. Male professors except Mary Lockett. Camaraderie. The university was a playground. Joan Pope and Muriel Stanley set up the Children’s Activity Time Society. Productions in the sunken gardens. Memories of Joan Pope. The Somerville Auditorium opera and Kings in Grass Castles. Mary Durack Miller. The Festival of Perth. 00:18:10 Thoughts of going to university. Choosing to do medicine while parents were on study leave. Unsure of self as an adolescent. Confidence. Mother was not supportive. Rebellion. Inspired by Marie Curie and Albert Schweitzer. Humanitarian interest in doing medicine. 00:22:15 Experiences of UWA. Medical students sequestered. Memories of first year science. Mixing with everybody. Elitism. Memories of the women in the course. Feeling abnormal. Experience of 1st year. 2nd year was not so free. 3 and 4th year off at the clinical course. 00:26:00 Creating own electives. Enjoying ambience of the University. Organ installed at Winthrop Hall. The New Fortune Theatre. Love of sitting in the library and looking out to Whitfield court. Creating electives. Unqualified nursing aide. The flying doctor run. Track 2A 00:00:00 Foundation professors. Playing with Simmons and Lugg. Gordon King. Cecil B De Kidd. Mary Lockett, dealing with women as the opposite sex. Cecil Lewis and clowning. Normal extraordinary people. Era of radical eccentric people. 00:03:36 Macdonald inspires. Child in the family, family in the nation and the nation in the world. Global sense of child health. Bill Macdonald has no pretensions. Memories of Rolf ten Seldam wonderful Dutchman. Professors King, Lewis, Rolf ten Seldam do stints in foreign developing countries. Kingsley Mortimer missionary. Anatomy subject for the plodder. Outrageous and radical. 00:07:00 Neville coping with setting up the Medical School. Basic science and understanding. Snobbish arrogance. Debate and robust charting out of the territories. The Vice Chancellor reputation. Foresight and vision. Jim Crawley and Griffith and the medical school. Untrained nursing aid and other electives. Volunteers and the Busselton survey. Bill Curnow and Kevin Cullen. Memories of the PNG experience. Brenda Payne ex-pat devoting life to PNG. 3rd world experience and setting up a blood bank. Remote tribal experiences. 00:12:50 Covering the obstetric ward. Experience of false breach birth. Appreciating the pathways to child health. Prevention and global health. Future direction. The effect of experience to PNG. 00:16:04 Kevin Cullen and his importance to students. Putting the students into clinical science. Choosing Kevin Cullen for general practice. Advice given by Kevin Cullen. Second top of the medical school. Reputation of the university. Track 2B 00:00:00 Student community. University Camp for Kids club. Women didn’t go to Steve’s pub. Being exposed to children of different backgrounds. Activities bring students together and campus in the community. PROSH stunts. Lawrence of Arabia. Person ‘jumps’ off the Winthrop tower. Student magazine Reflex. Cementing activities of university life. 40th reunions. Warm rich experiences. 00:06:00 Sense of eccentricity. Alan Rosen. Vivisection and Brian Stokes. Lucky to go through medicine then. Coming of the end of university experience and heading off to a career. Black power movement. Aboriginal problems on missions, Kundalee to Kalumburu. 3% aboriginal intake in medicine. Aboriginal child health. Dissatisfied in paediatrics. Setting off around the world. Meeting husband. Working in Ireland and London in tropical health. 00:13:30 Lights turn on for helping children. Influence Cullen and Rolf Ten Seldam. Influential study of aboriginal people. Debating of appalling conditions. Reputation of UWA. Bringing back ideas and skill to WA. Taught by Geoff Rose, Morris, Eva Alberman. Mentors open their networks. Zena Stein. Role models and generous people. International club. Importance of education in London. 00:18:35 Research foundation, NHMRC, peri natal, epidemiology, childhood monitoring system, databases, Bruce Armstrong, Lucien Coleman. 00:23:50 Memories of Michael Hobbs. Exciting time and success in grant funding. Inviting people to talk about Cerebral Palsy, Pre Term Births. Top international interaction Internationalisation. Cerebral Palsy and Pre Term Birth registry. Getting known pioneering epidemiology analysis of Cerebral Palsy. Reasons for brain damage in children. 00:28:25 Isolation and internationalisation. Doing good things with data. Feeling valued by the community. Consumer and community activity. Feeling humbled. Telethon Institute and philanthropic people like Cruthers. Memories of Telethon and funding. Amazing community activity. Hope and the success of the institute. 00:34:50 UWA in the community more. Students in the Pilbara. Enormous community problems and a community support. Letting down the community. Influence of UWA and Robert Manne and public intellectuals. Over bureaucratisation and the growth of problems at UWA. Population health and brainstorming sessions. Encouraging people. 00:39:45 Alcohol and youth. Social issues. Problems for aboriginal people. Data and university and collaboration and rivalry. Setting up networks. Rational and moral response. Heyday at UWA. Investment in people. Vibrant middle career group of people. 00:43:05 Tony Baston and recruiting to UWA. Reasons for success of recruiting to WA. Telethon and health database. Public support and institutes and university. Centres and measures of success. Sense of opportunity. Future of Western Australia and the Festival of Perth. Institute’s symposium on children’s brain cancer. Creaming off the top. Asia and collaboration. Pioneering and Alan Robson. Robson works tirelessly. Importance of support. The university and international rankings. research vision of the biggest and the best. International networks recruiting. University for this time. Privatisation and the focus on excellence. Emulating University of Melbourne. Track 3 00:00:00 Audrey Little the albino child psychologist. Sets up child pre-school. People play pranks on her. Influence cohort after cohort. Carmen Lawrence. Infamous Harry Waring. Research on quokkas. Teachers that make learning fun. 00:04:20 John Papadimitriou bounces into lecture theatre. People taught empathy. George Castell and Lex Cohen were very patient-oriented. Outstanding people. Research alliance. Bob Hawke and John Howard. Science council. Paul Keating. Surviving the post Howard period. Achievements. 00:08:45 Australian Research Alliance Children and Youth. ARACY. PIMSIEC. Investing in children. Children and youth on the agenda. Convincing the Prime Minister. Only country in the world to have information on children. Tool for change and monitoring. 00:11:30 Data for science. Passion for having the best data. Major impact. Very proud. The tsunami working group. Disappointed in the lack of Labor Government support. Research with Michael Hobbs, Cullen, Bruce Armstrong. Epidemiology and Preventative medicine at UWA winds up. Setting up the institute. Fabulous contribution. Getting a major grant to set up the institute. 00:15:40 Discussion on the institute and databases. Pat Holt. PMH. Ursula Kees. Group working on the major problems affecting kids. Missing clinical and medical health research. Issues with mental health problems are getting into centre stage. Re-writing population mental health problems. Wayne Thomas. Peter Sly. Offering fame and poverty. Clinical research in the institute. 00:19:05 Pat Holt working on rats and humans. The Raine cohort. Institute leaving a major legacy. The growth of QE2 and PMH embedded together. Focusing on the genetic causes of disease. Making sense of genetic information and environmental triggers. Stepping down. Part of a team working together. Institute must become a major player. Translating information without harming people. 00:24:30 Awards companion of Order of Australia. Invested by a hero Sir William Deane. Centenary Medal and Australian of the Year. Children and youth on the agenda. Major issues. Promoting important issues. Aboriginal support. 00:28:56 Changes in disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. Advancing the positive aspects of empowerment. Strong culture and low health problems. Closing of ATSIC. Strict financial controls. Aboriginal people and June Oscar. Aboriginal people know the problems. 00:33:41 Australian living treasure. On a stamp. Princess Anne and Fiona Stanley. Legends on the stamp. Running in a relay. Awards and relating and reflecting on UWA. Research and highly regarded institutions. University and bureaucracy. Investment in education. Climate change has fallen off the agenda. A centre of knowledge and place to debate ideas. Best preparations to participate in a civil society. Must become strong advocates. Looking back and winding up. Very lucky. Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/36c3d4d42cbb40db7a9423f451b85c42.mp3">Stanley, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/6c3395c67680be2b2918550296e4ab7a.mp3">Stanley, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/a87f7a3ac9f773bcd2db1f3fbb826650.mp3">Stanley, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f8f5f3479451895f3b2cd2365ecc4774.mp3">Stanley, Interview 1, Track 4</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fiona Stanley interview, 12 March 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Medicine Description An account of the resource During this interview Fiona Stanley discusses her career and experience of the University of Western Australia. As a child, inspired by her upbringing and her father, Neville Stanley, who was a researcher on polio, Fiona aimed to sail away to assist indigenous people on far away islands helping to cure them of disease. In 1956 the family moved to Western Australia from Sydney when Stanley's father took the Foundation Chair of Microbiology. She went to school at St Hilda’s before studying Medicine at the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1970. In the 1970s she worked in the paediatrics clinic at Perth's Children's Hospital. She worked with sick aboriginal children, travelling, to “every mission camp, reserve and fringe-dwelling group in Western Australia.” It was through this process that she aimed to better understand health issues and the impact of life chances and living conditions on children. She traveled and studied overseas in Ireland and London England, before coming back to Perth Western Australia inspired. She helped set up a pioneering database in maternal and child health with the likes of Professor Michael Hobbs. She was instrumental in better understanding population health and causes and prevention of cerebral palsy. She is the founding Director of the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, which has received major funding from Telethon. In 2002, largely as a result of her lobbying, Prime Minister Howard launched the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth (ARACY) of which she is Chairperson. She was named Australian of the Year in 2003. A planned hospital, Fiona Stanley Hospital, named in her honour, will open in 2014. Throughout the interview she draws on the colourful experiences that she had at the University of WA, both as student and a member of staff. She recollects numerous influential people that she was exposed to at the University. Fiona is convinced of the importance that universities play in education and the community at large and speaks of current UWA standing on the international academic stage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stanley, Fiona Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Fred Chaney Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 18 minutes, 5 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour 26 minutes, 27 seconds Total: 2 hours, 44 minutes, 32 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:35 Track 2 00:00 Frederick Michael Chaney born on 28 October 1941. Second child in a family of 7 children. Father, Sir Frederick Charles Chaney KBE AFC (20 October 1914-17 December 2001) fought in the Second World War. Grew up in South Perth and attended local schools. When they were living in North Perth, he attended Sacred Heart Convent aged 4 years old as he did not want to be separated from his older sister. This meant that he finished school relatively young. Father, Fred, brought up as a Baptist. Mother, Mavis, from large Australian Irish Catholic family. Parents met in primary school. Father became a teacher. They married and went to live near Corrigin. 04:44 When the Second World War broke out, his father joined the Australian Air Force and worked for some time as a flying instructor at Cunderdin. Later became a reconnaissance pilot for Z-Force. His father airlifted from Borneo the famous anthropologist, Tom Harrison. Fred Chaney Snr returned to teaching after the War. He became President of the RSL and helped returned soldiers to find housing. He was sporty and popular and was approached by the Liberal Party and was elected to the Australia House of Representatives for the Member for Perth in 1955. In1964, he was sworn in as Minister for the Navy in Robert Menzies’ Ministry (which was the last term of the Menzies government). He was dropped by Prime Minister Harold Holt by telegram. 11:45 Track 3 00:00 In 1969, there was a big swing against the Liberal Party and they lost Perth, Swan and Forrest. Fred Chaney Snr was appointed by John Gorton to be the administrator for the Northern Territory, a post he held from 1970 to 1973. During this time, he met Dame Margot Fonteyn . When Gough Whitlam became Prime Minister in 1972, he returned to Perth and was later made Lord Mayor (‘78-‘82). 02:28 Fred Chaney Snr did not try and influence the lives of his children even though Fred followed him into politics. His father inspired him to help other people. Fred got involved in politics at UWA at the age of 16 to try and change things. Fred had done well at school in his final years and won an Exhibition which meant that UWA allowed him to attend full-time. Fred enrolled in Economics but changed to Law when told by Terry O’Connor that the Law School was much more fun. 09:06 University broadened his horizons. He was active in the Liberal Club and the Blackstone Society. He was membership secretary of the Liberal Party and increased membership by enrolling attractive girls (including his future wife Angela). He was seeking a partner for the graduation ball and asked Angela to go as she hadn’t then been invited! He lived at home in Mt Lawley, while attending UWA. 11:18 The Law School was situated in very old buildings. There were only about 100 students. It was intimate and everyone knew each other very well. Professor Beasley encouraged the students to dress smartly in coats, ties and gowns. Some of the teachers were excellent; one was not. In his last year (1962), Fred set up the Education Committee of the Blackstone Society and reported into the standard of education at the Law School. In those days, you could approach the Dean and the Head of the Law School. The Law School was very social and heavily connected to the Guild Council. Traditionally Guild Presidents were from the Law School but the medical students did a big push to wrest it from them and in 1962, Richard Lugg became President. Fred opted to assist him as Vice President. Richard was the Chairman of the Legal & Constitutional Affairs Commission on the Guild and would have made an able lawyer! Fred was Acting President quite a lot when Richard was away. There were lots of university formal functions – faculty dinners and so on. His social activities meant that his academic results were not as good as they could have been. 16:04 Angela was studying for an Arts degree. There was rivalry between the other faculties – particularly with Engineering. The engineers threw Fred into the pond several times. He enjoyed Max Beerbohm’s novel about Oxford, Zuleika Dobson , and felt that he also enjoyed quite a frivolous time at UWA. Despite this, he was elected to be part of the University Moots Team in his final year. While debating in Melbourne he met Ron Castan , a member of the Melbourne team, and struck up a friendship with him. Ron became a human rights’ lawyer. They continued to meet through their mutual interest in the Aboriginal Legal Service. Ron Castan did 10 years work pro bono on the Mabo case (1982). 19:06 He feels enriched by the people he has met during his life. Mr Chaney presented the Toohey lecture at UWA on 4 September 2014 and talked about the critical role that lawyers played in getting Australia to recognise Aboriginal Native Title and led to various pieces of Aboriginal Land Rights Legislation. John Toohey , one of Fred Chaney’s first year lecturer’s, was appointed as the Land Commissioner. Fred believes that a university education should equip you to deal with all manner of people in the pursuit of good things. 22:31 People wanted to be Guild President to try and influence things. Fred was against the National Union of Australian Students adopting a political position. Learning how to listen, debate and argue is essential in learning to communicate with people who might not have the same views. The Western Australian Liberal Party has not been tolerant of Fred’s views on Aboriginal issues. You need to be able to reason with people and recognise different points of view. 24:37 Fred took Arts subjects as part of his undergraduate degree. He found History 2D (Chinese, Japanese and Indonesian History) one of the most influential subjects in his degree. He thought about giving law up. Fred did his Articles at Northmore Hale Davey & Leake. Eric Edwards managed to get him an appointment there. He found actually doing legal work for people to be very satisfying instead of studying law in isolation. He was very honest at recognising his limits in his knowledge of the law. 29:12 UWA Law students took an active interest in Aboriginal Land Rights. The Liberal Club worked with fringe dwellers in the Swan Valley. In 1961, they wrote a submission to the Parliamentary committee that was looking at Aboriginal voting rights. The penny dropped for Fred on Aboriginal issues with the publication of the Milirrpum judgment (known as the Gove land rights case) (1971). His father, who was living in Darwin at the time, sent him down the judgment. The Western Australian Mining industry was very anti-Aboriginal land rights. He believes that a good university graduate should be able to think independently. Part One of the Atlas of Australia’s War’s by ex UWA graduate, John Coates discusses the colonial era and the military operations against Aboriginal people. Fred has also had points of conflict where he has had to stand up for his own views. 34:36 There were only 3,000 students (including part-timers) when Fred was an undergraduate. There were a few Asian students. Most of the students were middle class. Fred had respect through his family connections. Religion was hotly debated within the student body. Fred was fiercely Catholic at the time and was a member of the Newman Society in first year. Protestants were in the ascendancy at the time. Fred was very involved with PROSH. 41:10 Fred remembers little of his graduation ceremony. He went straight into 2 year Articles at Northmore Hale. He enjoyed working with clients. He was admitted in about December 1963. His goal was to marry Angela and they married in April 1964. They wanted to do good works overseas in a Peace Corps type role and considered Africa. They were dismayed by the racist comments that were made by white ex residents who had migrated to Australia. The Director of Education in New Guinea was a friend of his father and organised for them to be able to stay with them consequently Fred became Crown Prosecutor in PNG from 1964-1965. 47:11 Before he left Fred for PNG, he was briefed at the School of Pacific Education in Sydney on the public service and cultural awareness. He did prosecuting work - there were lots of pay-back killings in PNG. He also did some constitutional work at the House of Assembly. He did not enjoy the political corruption and their colonial status and it was becoming violent. They had had their first child in PNG and decided to return to Australian to change things rather than try and do that in PNG. 54:34 Track 4 00:00 The practice of law in the 1960s and 70s was very different to now. Northmore Hale had a small number of partners and a wide range of clients. Fred Chaney was made a partner. There was a large local government element. There was a bit of commercial and litigation work. He did some criminal cases for Legal Aid. He moved to strike out one of the indictments and his address was heard by Ken Hatfield QC who asked him to come and work for him as his junior. It was mainly personal injury work and he spent a lot of time in court. Then he was called by Peter Wright of Hancock & Wright Prospecting and he offered Fred a job as their in-house lawyer (1966-1974). He mainly did taxation work. Their social attitudes did not marry with Fred’s. 04:20 He returned to Northmore Hale because they were in financial strife. People thought he was an expert in mining law. He developed a busy practice in the obtaining of mining tenements. There was a huge speculative boom going on during the mid-70s. Some were on Crown land and some on Stations. He had prevailed upon the State Government Minister for Mines in about 1968 to amend the Mining Act in order to give the farmers more protection. 07:40 Environment issues were not at the forefront in those days. There was great degradation done in the desert where parts were bulldozed through. The oil companies like Shell and Caltex started doing site avoidance in discussion with Aboriginal people in the late 1960s. 11:11 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:43 Track 2 00:00 In the 1960s there were opportunities to represent Aboriginal people. One case was an Aboriginal mother who was accused of neglecting her children. Fred won the case. The prosecution had stemmed from complaints that there were too many Aboriginals in East Perth. He kept doing work for Aboriginal people and there were other people who volunteered their time. It became a more organised legal service in the late 60s and became the Aboriginal Legal Service and Advice Bureau in 1972. This move was led by Robert French AM, current Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia. 04:30 Fred, Ian Temby QC and Peter Dowding SC agreed that there was a need for a shop front legal service and they recruited enough volunteer lawyers to operate a 5 day service in Forrest Place giving legal advice for $2. This was supported by the Law Society. Now most of the major Australian law firms have large pro bono practices. The relationship between lawyers and Aboriginal advancement has been very important. 07:13 The Aboriginal Legal Service mainly dealt with criminal cases. One example was a man who was locked up in Moora for 6 weeks on the charge of stealing by finding. Aboriginal incarceration is a big problem in Australia. The mining industry and the conservative Government in WA were both opposed to Aboriginal Land Rights. 11:18 Fred decided that he should enter politics. He felt he was effective in his political work and enjoyed policy and finding solutions to problems. He was continuously elected Senior Vice President of the Liberal Party from 1969-1973. He worked closely with Bob French within the Liberal Party and on the National Native Title Tribunal. At that time, the Liberal Party was a broad church. His views on Aboriginal matters were considered eccentric but his views were tolerated because he was a good operator and adhered to the party line on social and economic matters. From 1989 to 1990 he was the public face of the Federal Liberal Party in WA. 16:53 The State Liberal Party differs across Australia. Victoria was the most liberal when it came to Aboriginal affairs and Queensland and WA the most illiberal. Fred easily made the transition from State to Federal politics. He recalled that Sir Charles Court (Premier of Western Australia from 1974 to 1982) had disputes with the Commonwealth on several matters. Fred was quite politically astute as his family had been involved in politics for some time. As there were no seats in the House of Representatives, Fred ran for the Senate in an unwinnable seat. However, there was a Double Dissolution a few months later and he found himself in Parliament. 21:23 At that time, there was a generation of politicians in Canberra who were policy orientated on both sides of Parliament. They worked well together and formulated some good policy – e.g. no fault divorce. There was a reforming zeal in the Government. Fred believed the introduction of the Racial Discrimination Act (1975) to be very important and it was supported by both parties. The Woodward enquiry into land rights was another milestone. Bob Ellicott , former Chairman of the Gove Land case was also in Parliament and was Chairman of the Back Bench Committee on Aboriginal Affairs. There was across party support on Aboriginal Land Rights. Unfortunately, Western Australia was still unsupportive of land rights. It was believed to be a Communist plot. The Communist party had supported the walk-off from Wave Hill Station and the Gurindji strike. 26:28 Western Australia was behind even Queensland on Aboriginal land rights legislation. The Labor Party tried to force national land rights into WA. An ugly confrontation over exploration took place on Noonkanbah Station in 1980. From 1972-1983/4, there was a bipartisan approach on Aboriginal Land Rights. Western Mining and the Chamber of Mines led the opposition to Aboriginal Land Rights in WA. Aboriginal people now switched back to pursuing their rights through the courts from the mid-80s. Mabo (1989 and 1992) switched the balance of power and in 1993, the Native Title Act was passed. In 1995, Leon Davis, the CEO of CRA/Rio Tinto made some speeches proclaiming that the company would no longer fight against this. This led to a cultural and behavioral shift. 36:44 Fred was Whip at the time of the Whitlam dismissal and was Minister for Aboriginal Affairs from 1978-1980. He had a change of role every couple of years. Fred was very impressed with the calibre of the departmental staff. Fred was Minister of Social Security during a recession which was a very unpleasant experience. It was a period of intense debate about economic policy and it became quite bitter and personal. The Liberal Party came to the conclusion that economic reform was necessary and this enabled Bob Hawke to progress his agenda without much opposition. Fred believed that Prime Minister Bob Hawke was the right man for the right time. 48:08 In his one term in the House of Representatives, Fred was Shadow Minister for Environment and Sustainable Development from 1990 to 1993. Environment was quite fashionable then. Fred attended the Rio Convention in 1992 but there seemed to be little will to find answers. An excellent environmental report was “Our Common Future”, also known as the Brundtland Report, from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development that was published in 1987. Environmental issues and economic issues go hand in hand. 54:01 The Aboriginal problem is not just economic. It is very complex. Economics and education will help and we can close the gap but how do Aboriginal people retain their Aboriginality and their unique culture. Noel Pearson believes that Aboriginal people must be bi-cultural. What is Aboriginality? There is a view in certain sections of society that Aboriginals should be assimilated and eventually bred out. 01:10:43 Track 3 00:00 After his political career ended, Fred became a Research Fellow at the Graduate School of Management at UWA from 1993 to 1995. Fred was very disappointed that there was not more inter-Faculty co operation at UWA during this time. He discovered that he wasn’t an academic and prefers to do things. He was offered a part-time and then full-time position on the National Native Title Tribunal (1994-2000) . 05:27 He worries that PhD studies focus on a unique project that by nature are often narrow and of little value. He was a researcher at the School of Sciences at the ANU and was buoyed by their company and their collaborations. He believes that there are many different types of intelligence. 09:23 Fred’s study at UWA allowed him to grow and mature. It exposed him to many different ideas. He recognises the support of his wife Angela during his life and enjoyed immersing himself in university life. His education at Aquinas College was also significant to his future. 13:15 UWA has been an important institution for his children, grandchildren and nieces and nephews. He hopes that the university will continue to live up to its motto of “Seek Wisdom”. 15:01 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/13b3eb18950a2c98337930dc04b448ca.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/caeefd81b290090aa4f5e81a7a937ecf.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d287cdc1c8fbd0dd11a16154315dda5b.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/be20236eb39ce4c5eb8e7d4658510c8b.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/2be68de9462cf6e58358bce67cc38f17.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8d0653fd2d6b7c7b3fb01707335056ee.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/fd1d23feae0d464a8aced5a258e2aa31.mp3">Chaney_Fred, Interview 2, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fred Chaney interview, 11 September 2014 and 12 September 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Law Description An account of the resource Fred Chaney was born in Perth in 1941. He practised law in New Guinea and Western Australia, including time in-house with the Hancock-Wright prospecting partnership, and subsequent private practice with emphasis on mining related work until he entered the Senate in 1974. Fred was involved in the Aboriginal Legal Service in a voluntary capacity in the early 1970’s. He was in the Senate until 1990 and was Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1983 to 1990. He was Member for Pearce in the House of Representatives from 1990 to 1993. Among his Ministerial appointments were Aboriginal Affairs, Social Security and Minister Assisting the Minister for National Development and Energy. After leaving Parliament he undertook research into Aboriginal Affairs policy and administration as a Research Fellow with the Graduate School of Management at the University of Western Australia from 1993 to April 1995. He was appointed Chancellor of Murdoch University in 1995 and continued in that capacity until 2003. He is involved in Aboriginal education through the Graham (Polly) Farmer Foundation which he established at the request of Graham Farmer in 1995. In 1994 he was appointed as a part-time Member of the National Native Title Tribunal, a full-time Member in April 1995 and a Deputy President in April 2000 until 2007. He served as Co-Chair of Reconciliation Australia Ltd from 2000 to 2005 and continues as a Director on the Board. Mr Chaney was appointed Chair of Desert Knowledge Australia in 2005. In 2008 he was awarded the inaugural Sir Ronald Wilson Award for “exceptional leadership in the fields of social justice, human rights, equality and anti racism.” Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chaney, Fred Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Language A language of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Geoffrey Shellam Location The location of the interview Nedlands, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 52 minutes, 30 seconds Interview 2: 59 minutes, 18 seconds Interview 3: 1 hour, 6 minutes, 58 seconds Total: 2 hours, 58 minutes, 46 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1: Tuesday 18 March 2014 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00: Track 2 00:00 Geoffrey Randolph Shellam born in Kalgoorlie in 1943. Father bank manager. Family moved to Warrnambool in Victoria in 1950. Moved to Morwell in 1953 and to Bendigo in 1955 where Geoff did his schooling at Camp Hill primary school and then Bendigo High School. By this stage, Geoff was thinking about being a scientist. He did a scholarship examination at Trinity College, Melbourne University where he studied from 1962 to 1964 gaining a Bachelor of Science. 04:16 At the same time Geoff obtained a cadetship from the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. He did not know what microbiology was when he applied. He was a cadet here from 1962 to 1972. This funded his university studies and he worked full-time for them after he gained his PhD in 1968. Geoff resident at Trinity College, Melbourne University which was similar in style to Oxford. He enjoyed the social life and the intellectual stimulus. He studied the biological sciences majoring in biochemistry and microbiology. He worked at CSL in the university vacation and learned a lot about infectious diseases and microbiology. He did a year of research at CSL in 1965 which equated to a year of a Bachelor of Science with Honours which gave him entry to PhD study. 07:03 Geoff did his PhD study at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Parkville, Melbourne from 1966 to 1968. Macfarlane Burnet was the Director in 1965 but that year he retired and the role was taken over by Gustav (“Gus”) Nossal . Geoff was Gus’ first PhD student and thoroughly enjoyed being under his tutorship. Burnet turned the focus of the Institute from virology to immunology so it was an exciting time. It was a world-class institution. Gus Nossal was interested in how we become tolerant of foreign tissues. Other important research at the Institute was being done by Geoff’s friend Graham Mitchell with Professor Jacques Miller. 11:41 Geoff finished his PhD in 1968 and went back to CSL for 3 years to finish his bond. It was very practical work but he missed the intellectual stimulus of research. He was keen to do post-doctoral studies and it was common then to do this overseas. He was lucky enough to be awarded the Horace Le Marquand and Dudley Bigg Fellowship by the Royal Society, London where he spent 1972 to 1976. On the way to London, Geoff travelled through Central Asia with Fiona Stanley the daughter of Neville Stanley who was the Professor of Microbiology at UWA. He met Fiona through her brother, Richard, who he met at the Hall Institute. At this stage, Fiona wanted to become a neurologist. 16:42 Track 3 00:00 Melbourne remains the centre of laboratory based sciences. At this time Perth was not well regarded. This stood Geoff in good stead when he arrived in London. Geoff was working out of the Tumour Immunology Unit of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories in the Department of Zoology at University College, London. Geoff met Peter Medawar who shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet. His boss was Professor Avrion Mitchison. He was an experimental scientist who had an interesting family who introduced Geoff to Socialist principles. 06:28 Geoff married Fiona in 1973 and they lived in a flat in Mitchison’s house for a rent of about £10 until 1976. Fiona was now studying epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. They had a weekend place in Dulverton, West Somerset. 10:31 Geoff became interested in tumour immunology and tumour viruses. An important discovery was made during this time of killer cells. Colleagues Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel were co-recipients of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work with T cells and the immune system. 13:48 Geoff was awarded the Eleanor Roosevelt International Cancer Fellowship in 1976 and worked at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. The American researchers were very competitive and hard working. The funding was excellent as were the equipment and facilities. 18:24 The couple decided to return to Australia in 1977. Fiona’s parents were now living in Perth as were Geoff’s and he has a long family connection with Perth. His first forebear arrived in Cockburn Sound in February 1830. His maternal genes go back to 1840s Pinjarra. Geoff applied for an early UWA Post-doctoral Fellowship to UWA encouraged by his father in law, Neville Stanley. They had really enjoyed the Bicentennial Celebrations in the UWA in 1976. Coming back to Australia reinforced a lot of interest in family history and that Perth was a good place to study epidemiology. Fiona set up the new Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and became the first Director in 1990. She has only recently retired. 22:55 Track 4 00:00 Fiona’s father, Neville Stanley was Foundation Professor of Microbiology at UWA in 1956. He came from Adelaide. His father Evan Richard Stanley had died young from infection and his mother died from TB a few years later. He worked at the University of Adelaide and then moved to Prince Henry Hospital in Sydney and worked on a vaccine for polio. Geoff thinks that Neville Stanley was keen to make his mark in the field of microbiology consequently when the job at UWA came up he applied for it and came over at the end of 1956. The Department was then situated at Royal Perth Hospital. He also set up a diagnostic service for WA. He worked on influenza viruses and Rio viruses such as Ross River virus. He headed an energetic and robust department of Microbiology which moved to the QEII Medical Centre in 1973 along with the whole medical school. 06:29 By 1977 the UWA Medical School was quite well regarded but not highly visible. They were graduating only about 70 students and it was very male dominated. It was outward looking, enthusiastic and energetic. Neville Stanley led a university team for the Chablis Cup against the wine makers in Middle Swan. The medical school included people from Hong Kong, Uganda and other universities in order to help develop a new medical school. They soon became the biggest earner of research funds in the university. 09:05 As the QEII Medical Centre was off the main campus it made it difficult to feel part of the rest of the UWA Campus. Geoff had done Fine Arts units at Melbourne University and enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts focusing on English Literature and Classics. He did not have time to finish this as by the time he reached the final year in 1985 he had been made Professor of Microbiology. He loved this time of his life. He made lots of friends in the Arts Faculty. By this stage Fiona and Geoff had a young family and had a busy life socially and professionally. 12:16 Interview 2: Tuesday 8 April 2014 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:38 Track 2 00:00 Decision to return to Perth due to family as well as a need for Geoff to pioneer his own field. It was also very good for Fiona’s career in epidemiology and they had a very collegial approach. She wanted to set up a study centred on patient’s databases. For Geoff, coming back to a smaller university was a risk, but he wanted to work with Neville Stanley and was interested in the innate immune response and natural killer cells. He was also interested in the new field of genetics. He was awarded a UWA post-doctoral fellowship. 07:00 They returned to Perth via South America and Tahiti. Geoff started his Fellowship in January 1977. The facilities were good and the department although smaller was very enthusiastic. Jane Chalmer had just finished her PhD researching the herpes virus in mice. This led to the discovery in the 1980s of the gene Cmv1. They worked with other researchers in the USA. Studies burgeoned in this field throughout the world and the laboratory at UWA was at the forefront of the research. 13:32 It was an exciting department as its head, Professor Neville Stanley, was charismatic and enthusiastic and a great leader in the department. He was used to working in developing fields of research. He worked on a vaccine for polio in Sydney in the 1950s. For him, Perth was a new beginning. Stanley began to study a new virus called the Rio virus in the late 50s early 60s. He realised that animals as well as humans were infected by this virus. He realised that using nature as well as laboratory work would enhance scientific research. It led him to study mosquito borne infections funded by the Health Department. One of Neville Stanley’s post-doctoral students was Michael Alpas who worked with Nobel Laureate Carleton Gajdusek in isolating the kuru virus from tribal practices in PNG. It was similar to mad cow’s disease. 18:39 Funding was fairly easy then compared to now. Geoff got local and national grants. He has been funded every year since 1977. It is possible that research that helps humans rather than animals or the environment is looked on more favourably by people granting research money. 20:46 Neville Stanley retired in 1983 and Geoff was made the second Professor of Microbiology in 1985. This was quite a stressful time as he felt that he had to know everything! He put his energies into building up the research. The AH&MRC was expanding its grant giving. At one time he had 45 PhD students and 25 post-doctoral scientists. Geoff was involved in the Australian Society of Immunology and became National President. He encouraged them to merge with New Zealand to become the Australasian Society of Immunology. He reformed the society and encouraged them to establish proper branches in each State with a budget. 24:38 Track 3 00:00 The Department of Microbiology moved from Royal Perth Hospital to the newly created Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in 1973. Pathology and Pharmacology were also based here. This medical faculty was separate from the Crawley campus. The Department of Microbiology was closely associated with the diagnostic laboratories. Pathology and Microbiology were side by side but determined to be independent of each other. 04:14 In 2002, the university changed to a system of departments being merged into School structures and what was the Department being renamed as Disciplines. This was not well-liked. Heads of School are not necessarily the leading academics as was the case with the Professors. The Department merged with Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physiology – all non-human sciences. This became the School of Biological Biomedical and Chemical Sciences (BBCS) and the home base was set around the Department of Chemistry. It was the biggest school in the university. Soon afterwards the old Department of Chemistry buildings were demolished and a new building constructed, the Bayliss Building. 06:38 On the plus side, schools brought more resources than individual departments especially in relation to other skills such as IT. Microbiology was part of this school from 2002 to 2011 then it was changed as it was realised that the structure was not working. The Vice Chancellor, Alan Robson, organised for them to join the existing School of Pathology (next door in the QEII Medical Centre). Microbiology is a large field and very diverse and did not fit that well with Pathology. They are still fighting the have their name retained and be independent of Pathology. However, there are more benefits of being teamed with Pathology than was the case before. 10:28 UWA is now among the top universities in Australia and the world. It has been a long process of building research and the support of research, providing support for career structures and training, animal and human ethics approval, innovation and the development of patents. What hasn’t changed is the role of personal initiative and endeavour in research. It is important to have the best staff to teach the best students. Training the best students to go out into the world adds to the contacts and collaborations that are possible. International students were not that numerous until about 2004. The Master of Infectious Diseases Programme now attracts students from all over the world. 14:10 Geoff is proud of his contributions to the department especially teaching initiatives. The first was the development of a course in molecular biology in 1987. The course was taught with the Department of Biochemistry but is now no longer running. Molecular biology was a new and emerging field. Geoff also supported the development of environmental microbiology. This field did not ‘fly’ and it was abandoned after 20 years. 18:07 Geoff’s crowning glory was the development of the new Masters course in infectious diseases. He researched how tropical medicine was taught in London, Liverpool and Harvard and set the course up in 2006 with an intake of about 7 students in 2007. Today, the course attracts 70-80 students from all over the world. Thus, when the new course structure began, they already had a Masters course in place which contained vocational training. It is exciting as UWA is training scientists for the world. Geoff enjoys the role he plays in pastoral care of the students helping them adjust to a new learning programme and a different culture. 23:08 Track 4 00:00 Another exiting development was the Nobel Prize awarded to Barry Marshall Professor of Clinical Microbiology at UWA (and Robin Warren) in 2005 for his work that showed that the cause of peptic ulcers was the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It was the first Nobel Prize awarded in Western Australia and was a huge coup for WA and UWA in particular. His laboratory was now located in Geoff’s department and they had supported him from the mid-1990s until 2005. The State Government and the university funded ongoing support. The Federal Government awarded them a grant to refurbish the building and the Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases, Research and Training, centred at UWA. Barry Marshall and Geoff Shellam are the two co-directors. The Centre also studies other infectious diseases – viral, mosquito borne, bacterial, etc. The Training encompasses the Master of Infectious Diseases Program. It has given the department a focus and new prominence. 06:01 Track 5 00:00 Life at UWA has been extremely important for Geoff’s academic career, research career and his cultural interests. He was able to follow up studies on English Literature and History. The university also offered cultural education to the wider public by way of lectures at lunchtime or in the evening. He made and remains good friends with academics in the Arts Department and found it personally enriching. 02:55 UWA was unique due to the fact that so many academics had come from all over the world and were keen to get the university off the ground. They all knew each other and interacted socially as it was still quite small. They all understood each other and it broke down barriers. 04:53 Interview 3: Tuesday 15 April 2014 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:45 Track 2 00:00 Melbourne University Press began in 1922; University of Queensland in 1948 and University of New South Wales in 1962. UWA Press began in 1935. Presses also existed at the Australian National University, Adelaide University and Sydney University. These three Presses are no longer operating. UWA Press started publishing textbooks overseen by the Publications Committee. The Textbooks Board probably met in the main Vice Chancellor’s Building and the Press would have had its first home in the tower of Winthrop Hall, staff being spread over several levels in Winthrop Hall. Early publishers were Mr Fells (1935), Alex McDonald (1939), Frank Beaumont (1946-1960), John O’Brien, Cherrell Guilfoyle, Mr Binder, Vic Greaves. The modern era started with Meredith Chesterton in 1990; Ian Drakeford in 1992; Jenny Gregory in 1997 and Terri-ann White from 2005. Mr Beaumont was around in the 1940s and was instrumental in development the University Co-Op Bookshop. 06:05 Physical arrangements were difficult. Amusing incidents at the Press in the early days included the story that a rival chased a competitor for his lady’s affections around the Winthrop Tower with a loaded pistol. The Press grew in fits and starts up until the 1960s. The University Press took its name in 1953. Geoff was aware of UWA Press when he was studying Arts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Geoff was elected to the Advisory Committee in about 1988. Professor Don Bradshaw was the chair of the Press Board in that time. After Geoff returned from a year’s study leave, he became Chair in 1991 and remained in that role until 2006. There were about 6 people on the Committee who met 6-8 times a year for 2-3 hours. When Geoff first joined they met in a Tower Room in Winthrop Hall and later in Tuart House where the Press shared the building with the Festival of Perth. The Committee was not responsible for the appointment of staff (except for the publisher). 14:25 At this time there was about 14 staff. The books were published in-house in Tuart House. There was a typesetting machine and as there were only about 10 books published a year, it was soon felt that this equipment was unnecessary and that many things such as typesetting, editing and book design could be contracted out. Things became digital towards the end of Geoff’s time. It was very hard to downsize the staff as some had been there for 20-30 years. They had specialist skills and UWA Press was the only academic publisher. Meredith Chesterton was appointed as an interim publisher in about 1990 with only 1 or 2 staff. Vic Greaves was there from 1972 to 1989. He had a printing background. 18:55 The University gave a Senate grant to UWA publishing. It was originally about $180,000 pa. Some academics felt that the money could be better used. The Australian National University Press closed in 1983; Adelaide University in 1985 and Sydney University in 1987. 20:28 In 1990-91, UWA Press was almost starting from scratch with new staff and a new philosophy. It was a new era. Meredith Chesterton was a very can-do person which was very lucky but even so, the remaining staff felt under pressure. The Press had to find a way to survive but the Advisory Board was very keen that they do this. They had great community support. Many of them wrote to the Vice Chancellor pleading for the Press to remain in operation. There were 3 closure attempts during Geoff’s time as Chair. 23:07 Most University Presses depended on the support of other university Presses. UWA got advice from Frank Thompson from the University of Queensland who wrote a report in 1973 and a 5 year plan was adopted. The idea was that the Press did not operate at a profit but was to operate efficiently and at a minimum necessary loss. The publication of journals was to be phased out and would be published by the relevant departments. 25:10 In the early 1990s, Professor Fay Gale was the new Vice Chancellor and had had a career in publishing. There began to be a case building for the closing of the UWA Press. The finances of the Press were fluctuating and the deficit was larger than the annual budget. The problem was how to keep it publishing within the limits of the Senate Grant and reduce the deficit. The deficit had be accepted and had to be written off by the university. 27:48 The output of the Press was not just academic. They published natural history and children’s books. Their first children’s book in 1985 used the Cygnet imprint. Some highly specialised and intensely academic books were also published. Professor Vincent Moleta worked on some of these publications with the prestigious Olshki publishing house in Florence, Italy. Books published included one on the doctrine of poverty in Medieval Latin and another on the Medici family. 30:03 Track 3 00:00 The Press attracted a variety of writers and some artistic books such as one by the performing artist Mike Parr. Some of his work could be quite confronting. In the early 1990s publishers from Melbourne, Ian Drakeford and his wife Janine, were appointed. They attempted to publish a mix of books – some of which would be more popular in order to make the Press more money. One such was published in Meredith Chesterton’s time and entitled Tin Dog, Damper and Dust: A Shearer’s Life by Don Munday (1991). The Walliston Journals were edited and published. They were launched in St George’s Cathedral. Janine Drakeford was interested in children’s books and The Deliverance of Dancing Bears by Elizabeth Stanley (1994) was very highly regarded and so popular that they had 2-3 print runs. It was sold nationally and also sold in the USA. Other children’s books were also published in the mid to late 1990s and provided an income stream. The Fremantle Children’s Literature Centre was a big supporter of UWA Press and many books were launched here. In about 2006, there was a change in direction and children’s books were no longer published. 07:48 The 1990s saw a reduction of staff and then the appointment of the Drakefords who were very professional and successful in saving UWA Press for a while. However, in mid-1996 the Senate subsidy was not going to cover the costs and the Deputy Vice Chancellor, Alan Robson, advised that the Press would have to be closed down. All contracts were to be approved by the Vice Chancellor, Derek Schroeder, and no new manuscripts were to be accepted. This made for a very uncertain year. It was suggested that UWA Press co-publish with Fremantle Arts Centre Press. This was not popular with the academics or their friends in the wider community. An Academic Board meeting took place and Geoff took a large trolley full of UWA Press books to hand out at the meeting. Seeing the quality of the books meant that the Press survived to live another day. It was a lot of time and energy on Geoff’s behalf to continue to fight for the Press. 13:27 This instability did not suit the Drakefords who made the decision to return to Melbourne at the end of 1996. An increase in funding was agreed in 1997 which was championed by Dennis Haskell while Geoff was away on sabbatical leave. So now the Press had an increased budget. Jenny Gregory an academic historian who was on the advisory board was invited to become a director of the Press in October 1997. There was some overlap with Ian Drakeford and continued to assist when he returned to Melbourne. 15:36 Later, in the 1990s there were further difficulties with the size of the deficit. An Eastern States publisher, Hilary McPhee, was invited to come to review the UWA Press in the late 1990s. Although supportive, she suggested some changes to the Vice Chancellor and the Senate and the ship was righted and procedures tightened. Jenny Gregory continued for 8 years until 2005 and then returned to academia and Terri-ann White took over. During Jenny’s time the quality, quantity and range for titles was increased. Commissioned books on history by corporations and Shire Councils were produced by UWA Press. The also published trade titles. It was also essential to continue to publish academic books which although not profitable were essential to the charter of the Press. Authors were asked to find subsidiaries to assist with the publishing of these books. They were able to get about $3,000 to $5,000 from the Arts Faculty or other bodies such as Kings Park, at different times. This mixed approach put them in a better financial position. They were now publishing between 25-40 titles a year as opposed to 10-15. (The largest amount of books was published during the sesquicentennial celebrations in 1979 because they were underwritten by the State Government). 19:38 The Press continued to publish a range of titles to balance the books. The Press were also selling about 30% of their books in the Eastern States. They also sold through distributors in the USA and Europe. They needed to lift their profile in the Eastern States and make the books less Westralian centric. The Press had published about 1/6th of all the books published in WA since the beginning of the colony which is a significant achievement. 21:17 When Alan Robson became Vice Chancellor in about 2006, he said that he would not attempt to close the University Press as the Press had become much more professional and the university were very proud of it. Terri-ann White who took over as publisher in 2006 was very adept at dealing with the Vice Chancellor and the university accountant. She had been an author and book shop owner so she was experienced in managing books and their sale and was particularly interested in creative writing. 22:34 Track 4 00:00 Professor Ted Snell is now Chairman of the Advisory Board. Sometimes economic rationalisation overlooks the value of the books and the fact that people outside UWA might have books published by UWA on display in their homes. People also turn to UWA Press for reference purposes. Many people support publishing in general and rate UWA Press highly. Supporters of UWA Press include the Chair of the Literature Board of the Australia Council, the head of the Alexander Library, politicians and other publishers, historians and senior figures in the community, judges and many other people. Many of these people lent their support when the Press was having difficulties by speaking out or writing letters. 02:50 Book launches are interesting and enjoyable affairs. Geoff was often the MC and they were held in a variety of different places. The Scarlet Mile: A Social History of Prostitution in Kalgoorlie, 1894-2004 by Elaine McKewon (2005) was launched at both Langtrees brothels in Kalgoorlie and Burswood (Perth). A children’s book about the Barking Owl was launched in Floreat. The show was stolen by an actual barking owl that began ‘barking’ at the end of Geoff’s speech. A book on the Duyfken was launched on that boat in Fishing Boat Harbour, Fremantle. Books were launched in many places. Venues at UWA included a lecture theatre or the Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery or at UWA Press itself. Many of the launches are now held at the new location of UWA Press at Claremont campus where they moved in about 2002. Books were also launched at Kings Park and at an old mill in Manjimup. This adds to the excitement of the launch. 08:51 UWA Press conveys the name and the image of the university on every book it publishes. When the book is reviewed this is free advertising for the university. The Press celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2005 with the publication of A Press in Isolation. University of Western Australia Press 1935-2004 by Criena Fitzgerald. 10:48 Geoff retired as Chair of the Advisory Board so he is not sure of the current direction of the Press, but it is concerning that the popularity of physical books are declining due to the popularity of e-books. The Press has taken to publishing on demand so they have a smaller print run of about 50 books and will publish more if there is demand which is more cost effective. Creative writing and novels are proving popular which has helped with the funding of the Press. Geoff is hopeful for the future of UWA Press. 13:36 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/024023544c47f41b9584bca6bb346523.mp3">Shellam, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/ef62ff3d78d688543f7be6c4b320dbdb.mp3">Shellam, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/15d52730f6a665fdf3e44de669fbbca0.mp3">Shellam, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f8531ee1e0b55837cfe1a6233448839d.mp3">Shellam, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/069d8fed1b6a270f5d4092665c3e0999.mp3">Shellam, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/26414f4bd7a5a2c6681bd1c45598a0f9.mp3">Shellam, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8f7f2c8b3c93dc08febf256ccdbb21b7.mp3">Shellam, Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/1b2e1f2b3dd85821c82df264a9655d9b.mp3">Shellam, Interview 2, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b10a1cd354cac3dcd2521e448917d8f1.mp3">Shellam, Interview 2, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/6da0a1904a12a1860d184503f5a3bc38.mp3">Shellam, Interview 3, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/0d7edba08782e1846de3924263be86d9.mp3">Shellam, Interview 3, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f83898d776456200999a9e3fabeff499.mp3">Shellam, Interview 3, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/cbd915d8ef4049e6b7677ba951cfaa63.mp3">Shellam, Interview 3, Track 4</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geoff Shellam interview, 18 March 2014, 8 April 2014 and 15 April 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Medicine, microbiology, immunology Description An account of the resource Professor Geoff Shellam completed a Bachelor of Science majoring in microbiology and biotechnology at the University of Melbourne, where he also undertook a PhD in immunology with the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medicine. Professor Shellam then worked at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories before obtaining a Royal Science Fellowship which allowed him to study tumour immunology as a post-doctorate student at the College of London. He then won the prestigious Eleanor Roosevelt International Cancer Fellowship to research at the National Cancer Institute in Maryland, USA. Professor Shellam originally came to The University of Western Australia as a Post-doctoral Fellow in 1977 and became a Professor of Microbiology in 1985. He is also a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists in the United Kingdom, Co-director of the Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease and Director of the Masters of Infectious Disease Program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shellam, Geoffrey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Geoff Soutar Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 51 minutes, 31 seconds Interview 2: 51 minutes, 33 seconds Total:1 hour, 43 minutes, 4 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Background. Schooling. Rotary Exchange to the US. Coming to UWA commerce and economics. First person to get a degree in economics with a unit in accounting. Fulbright scholarship PhD in 1973. UWA MBA degree. Teaching within the MBA program – 1974-1985. Curtin head of school of management and marketing. Move to Edith Cowan because of UWAA related reasons. VC ECU Roy Lourens. 1999 takes over the director of management. GSM. David Plowman. 00:04:57 Impressions of UWA, on coming to University after school. Family history and education. Importance of tertiary education. Differentiation with undergrad program. Quotas of students in commerce. Atmosphere at university. Kim Beazley, Bob McMullan. Intellectual debates. Paul Hasluck. Common intellectual debate. Barry Humphries. Full time student. Guild and support. Pelican editor thrown in the pond at the library. Bridge games played. 00:10:11 Sense of community. Debate and argument. Ron Peters, Ray Petrides, Robin Gauche, Rony Gabbay. Philip Brown, Peter Longton, Tom Wardle. Perth. Mining boom and nickel boom. Sir Charles Gairdner. The only university in WA. Many people on scholarship reward academic excellence. Costs. Full time vs part time students. 00:15:00 Aims and thoughts of future academic career. Ray Petrides. Honours in economics. Had to go overseas to do a PhD in marketing. The pull of the US to get a world class doctorate. Going to Cornell University. Centre of anti-Vietnam War activities. 00:18:13 The world-scale of the university in the 1970s. Great preparedness – the honours program. Gains brought back to the university. Vithala Rao amazing man supervises doctorate. Marketing research equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Paul Green from the University of Pennsylvania. Exposed to work done at the Bell Labs. Research assistant. Coming back with a unique skill set. 00:22:05 Students go out to the corporate world. UWA in 1983. Low research budget. Aims on return and the new marketing programme. Bruce Stanage. Students do honours in marketing. A strange situation. Erich Fraunschiel Wesfarmers, Pamela Watson Wood Prize, Alex Clark ANU, Devon Wallace, Dhruba Gupta, Andrew Wagstaff of Argyle Diamonds. People that come through the course. Michael Chaney, Robyn Ahern. Financial assistance for financial research. 00:27:30 Teaching qualitative method, no books, no overheads and black board. Algebra. Michael Chaney one of the best MBA students. course outline and the structure. Full time student and the MBA program. Quotas – morning and night classes. Traditional MBA program. Strong foundation. Andre Morkel from South Africa. Takes over the MBA. 00:32:59 Cross-cultural consumer decision making. Cross-cultural MBA. Accounting finance and international student. Sue Saunders. Phil Brown from Chicago. Very US. Looking to Japan. Ground breaking aspect. Writing quantitative method. Popularising the area of research in the area. Research on marketing and management. 00:37:35 UWA giving out to the community. Competitive WAIT business program. Curtin has grown. UWA attracts students at the top end. Relevant to the community. Professional society involvement. Board of the Australian Marketing unit and Chamber of Commerce. Phil Brown survey of business opinion in WA. R&I Bank. Economic activity journal major way to interact with the community. 00:40:10 Consumer behaviour in the 1970s. WA consumer practice relevant to information coming out of the US. Cross-cultural research. Nice part of the changes. Personal values and Shalom Schwartz. UWA more important today. At the front of study. Importance of international students. The centre grows from nothing. Money and resources. The Australian research council and grants and research. Training and computer programs. 00:47:13 Compatibility of computer programs. Slow downloads and the technology of the day. Technology and facilities change. Changes in technology to teaching approaches. Effects of technology on learning participation. Track 2 00:00:00 Seeing UWA nationally – research and respect. The school has unique research, well-respected people. Contributions individuals have made. Development of the research centre and program. Changes. Grants for international conferences. Consequences for researchers at UWA. Quality of the work getting out to the community. Cross-faculty interaction and personal interactions. 00:05:50 Change in the sense of community at UWA. The interfaculty cricket match. Keith Punch plays for the Faculty of Education. The Business school rarely wins. The loss of the tea room. People discuss things at tea. Mrs Scott mother of Bon Scott. Social inspiration on tea break. Trevor Williams. Federal government have caused change to teaching and research. Bureaucracy and the research output. Government reducing red tape. Workloads and workaholics 00:11:44 Interaction and competition between universities. UWA pivot for cross university interaction. Long term relationships. Comparing Curtin and UWA. Risk and infrastructure. Resources and the ‘two horse race’ in WA. Nurturing of the Business School at UWA and Curtin. 00:16:29 Being the researcher and director. Memories of the experience. Quality students. Memories of David Plowman. Other people at the school. Pamela Watson. Memories of Andrew Wagstaff and Tim Mazerol. Research programmes. Dhruba Gupta. Devon Wallace. 00:24:14 Discussion of research. Personal values research – ARC grants. Julie Lee and Jordon Louviere. Benefits of the international conference. Shalom Schwartz and serendipity. Papers and website. Funding grants and dollars raised. 00:29:10 Management of UWA. The growth of the university and systemic issues. Collegial environment in the early days. The university club and a staff club. Senior management and academics. Thoughts of UWA today. WA a crucial part of W.A economy. Ranking UWA. Top group of university internationally. Providing quality for the students. Significant research provided by UWA 00:34:25 Memories of the America’s Cup. CABR. Grove House. Labour of love. Big projects and the benefits to the communication. Foundation Research. Government and Events Corp. Publications community perceived value. New product development. Awards. 00:40:30 Looking at career. Very fortunate and a fortunate life. UWA central to academic life. Reflecting on the Academic Staff Association. Academic working conditions and lack of resources. First industrial award. Terry Quickenden. Connection with the Association. Disbelief that the staff would behave that way. Thoughts of the chancellor. Court government changes the law. Federal court. Outcomes. Superannuation issues and academics. Various related schemes. UWA potentially dying under the costs of the supplementary pension scheme. The 1983 scheme. Staff make money out of the changes. Uni super scheme. Significant decisions being made. UWA as a place for academic staff. Sitting on committees. Seeing UWA’s future. Revolution and evolution. 00:51:33 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/9bf1e5254b80b6114f93fe5fb0c4a465.mp3">Soutar, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/81b16cf7bfc69cac6206df8cc579dfc9.mp3">Soutar, Interview 1, Track 2</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Geoff Soutar interview, 12 October 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Management Description An account of the resource This is an interview with Winthrop Professor Geoff Soutar who graduated in economics from the University of Western Australia and undertook doctoral training at Cornell University before returning to teach at the UWA, from 1973 to 1986. He was Foundation Professor of Management at Curtin University of Technology from 1986 to 1994 and Executive Dean of the Faculty of Business and Public Management at Edith Cowan University from 1994 until 1999. He was also Director of the Graduate School of Management at UWA. Soutar has been a consultant to a large number of private and public sector organisations in Australia and internationally and has been active in research across a wide area, publishing more than 150 research papers in journals and in book chapters, as well as a number of research monographs, across a wide range of management and marketing areas and presenting more than 300 papers at seminars and conferences. His present research interests include cross-cultural decision-making, new product and service development and the marketing of services, especially educational and tourism services. He has a particular interest in service quality and its impact on organisational success, from which evolved a long-term study of consumption value and its impact on people's willingness to buy and their subsequent satisfaction or dissatisfaction. He outlines his memories of the development of UWA and the Business School in a developing competitive local academic field. He speaks of the international standing of the University and looks to its future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Soutar, Geoff Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Anne Yardley Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Harold Clough Location The location of the interview Nedlands, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 15 minutes, 08 seconds Interview 2: 49 minutes, 58 seconds Total: 2 hours, 5 minutes, 06 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 00:00 Introduction by Anne Yardley. 00:55 William Harold Clough, born 30 September 1926, Subiaco. Father John Oswald Clough, born Richmond Victoria, 1887; mother Lucy Hayes born Landsborough Victoria. Father was in the Gallipoli landing, later fought in France and received a commission. 02:47 After the First World War he joined brother William Clough to form Clough Brothers builders. Building work stopped during the Depression, William went gold mining in Southern Cross as there was still a market for gold. The Goldfields flourished during Depression. Father was out of work and joined militia. Times were tough. It was an awful experience having a father out of work. There was no dole and unemployment was 30 or 40 per cent. 06:00 Harold attended Nedlands Primary School from age 6 to 12; Claremont Central School, 12 to 15 years during the Second World War. His father was now a Lieutenant Colonel commanding the 2nd Field Third Regiment. Harold became a troop leader in the boy scouts where he had many interesting experiences. He relates a story about an assignment to go to Mundaring and carry out tasks set out in a sealed envelope. The boys camped overnight in wet winter conditions. He learnt a lot in scouting. 13:45 After school his ambition was to go into the army. The war was going badly for the Allies but that changed in 1942 with United States involvement. He believes the Japanese could have won had they not bombed Pearl Harbour when they did. 18:00 Harold completed Leaving [now TEE] at Scotch College at age 16. The two year course had been truncated into one year during the war. Harold passed and applied to Duntroon but was told he was too young. With the experience of the Depression his mother recommended he work in a bank or insurance company. He took a job at AMP [Australian Mutual Provident Society] “by far the worst year of my life, never been so bored ...” His job was to send overdue premiums to clients using hand written envelopes. He admits he wasn’t very good at it. Few men were available to do office work during the war. 23:30 He met a girl there who persuaded him to try for university. He applied for engineering at UWA with only 40 places available, 100 students studying engineering out of 1000 students in the entire university. Harold was offered a place by the Dean, Professor Howard Blakey, who told him he’d never got through as he was number 40 on the list. Harold determined to prove him wrong and worked hard during the first semester. To pass engineering, students had to be either good students or good rugby players, according to Harold. 26:50 Harold took up rugby and won a half blue. He was more proud of that than getting his degree. During the war, the engineering course was reduced to three years instead of five and called a Bachelor of Science and Engineering. After the war the degree course was increased to four years. Harold was given first class honours which allowed him to win a Fulbright Scholarship. “University changed my life and ever after I’ve been particularly grateful for that.” He was very active in student affairs: on the guild council and played sport. His girlfriend, who was studying psychology, introduced Harold to the Arts. 32:00 After graduation Harold worked for Cooperative Bulk Handling, a subsidiary of Wesfarmers—a good job and good experience. The Fulbright scholarship was only in its second year when he took up the scholarship in 1951 to study for a Masters degree. 35:50 Prior to that Harold and a friend had driven to Sydney picking up jobs along the way. He worked as a miner underground in Kalgoorlie and recounts that experience. He worked in Sydney as a time and motion expert. There he learnt he had won the scholarship. He returned to Perth as his mother had died, before travelling to California by plane—an unusual event in those days—to be met by his uncle who lived in Los Angeles. 42:50 In San Francisco he stayed at International House attached to the University of California where he was registered as William Harold Clough and so he became Bill to everyone in America including his wife. He lived in the International House with other overseas students. He describes their living arrangements including the common dining room where he met students from many different countries including Iran. 46:00 Harold wanted to study economics but the course didn’t yet exist anywhere in the world. The closest was to become an accountant by apprenticeship. Harold enrolled in industrial engineering which didn’t prepare him for being in business for himself. He gained a reputation for giving great parties. He neglected his studies until he discovered he would have to pay for his course if he didn’t gain a 3.5 grade average. With last minute studying, he gained better marks than he had in Australia. He believed the Australian education system was superior to that of the US. 50:04 Australian graduates had better fundamentals, better basics. Harold won a Harold Holt scholarship for five years study to gain a PhD [doctoral degree] but not wanting to be an academic, he turned it down. Instead he took a job with Bechtel Corporation, one of the biggest engineering contractors in the US at the time. He was keen to be in the field but his job was desk bound in the estimating department for the experience. He was told: “The single most important thing in the construction business is to know the costs…you have to be able to measure the quantity of work that’s done for that amount of money.” The experience was vital to learn about accurate costing. Good companies do this well, including Clough Engineering. The present manager at Clough “has taken it to a new level.” 54:24 Harold returned to Australia with his wife [Australian Margaret, née McRae, whose father worked in the Australian Consul General’s office in San Francisco]. His father encouraged Harold to return to work in the family business where he was put him to work as a builder’s labourer on a site in Newcastle Street. He learnt a lot. 57:00 End of the first year the accounts showed they hadn’t made any money despite having plenty of work. His father was very good with figures and was working a scam involving invoicing. Harold was angry, he now had a wife and child to support. They considered returning to the US but the business won a large contract to build a new head office for National Mutual Life Association. At six storeys it would be the biggest building in Perth. The architect, Athol Hobbs, had served with Harold’s father in the war and helped with their bid, despite their different social status. Father and son worked hard on the tender but disagreed on the final price. Harold asked his wife for advice about adding 5,000 pounds to the tender instead of the 10,000 pounds his father wanted. Harold took his wife’s advice and they won the bid. 1:10:50 A condition of being awarded the contract was that Harold would be the manager. He took charge of the cheque book. Harold admits they lacked the experience to tackle a 500,000 pound job, their previous job was 20 or 30,000 pounds. The lowest bid is not always accepted, the architect’s recommendation is important as well. They were successful in the project, helped by employing very good people. Some of those people were still with Clough when Harold retired. 1:15:28 END first interview Interview 2 00:00 Introduction by Anne Yardley 00:40 Post Second World War the government decided the Causeway bridge was becoming overloaded and needed another bridge . The Narrows site was chosen and Main Roads consulted bridge designers in London: Maunsell and Partners were selected and recommended a pre-cast, post tension concrete bridge. Pre-stressed concreted was newly developed. Harold saw this as an opportunity to work with an international contractor and using his Bechtel experience, he applied for and signed a joint venture agreement with Christiani and Nielsen a Danish company who were awarded the contract. 03:50 Clough held 20 percent, their role to provide local information about conditions, regulations. The team became integrated with half Danish, half Australian engineers. The project went relatively smoothly, delays caused by conditions being different from those assumed by the designers: about half way through construction a problem emerged with the northern end of the bridge on reclaimed land with soil extruded sideways as well as down which pushed the piles sideways. Construction was held up while a solution found. 08:00 Harold remained concerned that the top corner of the Y shape column on the downstream side could fail. He still checks it out when driving across the bridge. Harold believes it has performed very well, required little maintenance. 09:30 The bridge was particularly important for Perth as it was the first time a large engineering structure had been built by non-government entity. It set a trend, the government began using more private companies. Now State and Federal public works departments have very small team, most work is done by private companies. 10:30 The bridge contract made a big difference to Clough, previously builders, they now became engineering contractors. The iron ore industry was starting up in WA and for the first time there were large projects requiring major engineering input: railways, power stations. Clough moved more towards engineering and construction, including oil and gas projects, but maintained a building arm at about 10 to 15 per cent of total work volume. 12:30 This was personally a busy time for Harold as he and wife Margaret raised their six children, the first four born in quick succession over five years. In 1970 the family took an extended European holiday. Harold got to know his children better in these six weeks than in previous years. 15:10 His eldest son, Jock, studied engineering and although he didn’t enjoy engineering, he did join the family business. In 2005 a mutual decision was made to sell the business to Murray & Roberts over a three year period , the only remaining connection is with the name Clough. Had Jock maintained an interest in engineering, Clough could have remained a company business although Harold believes it is difficult for family dynasties to be successful. Harold’s only regret in selling the business was the loss of his name. 18:00 The Narrows Bridge project changed Clough but also changed the industry [in WA]. Clough did “some great projects” over the years. By 2005 Clough was working more overseas than in Australia with a great team of engineers. 19:00 In 1998 the decision was made to float the company. By then there were 21 offices worldwide and an annual turnover of 600 million dollars. Harold always had in mind the idea to list although decision making is easier in a non-listed company. When spending other people’s money there are more complicated decisions to make, morally and legally. It’s much easier to expand, to raise money as a public company. Particularly in the construction business, the biggest companies are family companies. Bechtel advised Harold against listing—Harold wonders if he was right. 21:50 The decision was partly governed by changes to taxation legislation. Prior to this bonuses given to staff were considered income and fully taxed but when able to get a credit for tax paid on dividends, being a public company was more attractive. By that time, staff owned 20 per cent of the business through a practice of allocating shares. Harold believes it was the right decision at the right time. 23:45 They had about 80% of the company when it listed and were allocated shares. Harold handed out shares to staff “like Father Christmas—it was great. The company was doing particularly well at the time.” 24:30 Harold comments on his business success: “by far the biggest factor was being able to have people in your team that were as good or better than you were. The strength of a company is the quality of its people. It’s all about people.” Attracting and keeping good people is more about giving people challenges and responsibilities than money; ensuring staff get satisfaction from the work. “Giving them a job they enjoyed doing is much more important than giving them more money.” 26:15 On the decision to sell the company: Jock was Chairman of Clough, Harold was “just” a board member. They had an “unfortunate” contract with Origen, oil company, which resulted in litigation, despite Clough’s doing a good job: “it was soul destroying.” Harold felt he no longer wanted to be in the business. 28:10 Harold felt retirement would shorten his life, he decided to keep busy with the family company, McCrae Investments. He enjoys the diversity of the business. 29:10 On donating to charity: It’s important. Harold says most companies have a charity budget with demands on them 20 times over and they’re all good causes. Harold’s focus has been on UWA. 31:20 Harold lectured briefly at UWA after his return from the United States. Like many he had an aversion to talking in public but an engaged group of students, willing to debate, helped him overcome his public speaking discomfort. 33:15 Harold was conscious that the quality of the company was very dependent on the quality of its staff, he felt that by offering scholarships to engineering students in their last year and then offering a job on completion, the company would attract “the cream of the cream”. Over the years, Clough has offered 149 scholarships, most have remained in touch and are in leading companies worldwide. Scholarships offered money, vocational employment, a mentor in the company and a job when they finished. About 50 per cent stayed employed with them. 36:20 “Looking back on it, I think the scholarship scheme was one of the best things I did in the company.” In choosing recipients, the company was looking for academic success and leadership qualities. Harold discusses Clough Circle dinners and his eldest daughter Sue’s involvement with Scott Neeson program’s in Cambodia [Cambodia Children’s Fund] that selects children from waste dumps, houses and educates them. A potential donor to the fund who had been a Clough scholarship recipient instituted the Circle. Harold feels “very good” that Clough scholars are inspired by the Clough example to contribute to the community. 43:55 On winning awards: Harold has been received numerous awards including: Queen’s Silver Jubilee medal 1977; OBE 1979; Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) 1990; Honorary Doctor of Engineering in 1990 and others. He feels very proud to have been recognised: “It’s something that happens rather than something you work for.” Harold’s a monarchist and recalls the time of titles being awarded. 46:10 Harold credits his work colleagues and clients with giving him the greatest satisfaction in his working life. Projects can be both good and bad. He likes challenges: “If it was too easy, it wouldn’t be nearly as enjoyable.” The harder you work the more luck you have. 49:55 On retirement: “I want to die in the chair”. Work keeps him going. McCrae Investments are very busy. 49:58 ENDS Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8ab18f242a63472cf87f2156b7b3974e.mp3">Clough, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4bb8621fa321cdad59220271f8f5f72f.mp3">Clough, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/608bea0ec516183e0df3ee080ea0b56e.mp3">Clough, Interview 2, Track 1</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harold Clough interview, 17 June 2014 and 20 June 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Engineering Description An account of the resource Harold Clough AO, OBE, CitWA is a graduate of UWA who went on to become an engineering pioneer and leading businessman. He joined the Clough family company in 1954, serving as Managing Director until 1988, and Chairman of Clough Limited until late 2002. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal, awarded in 1977, Office of the Order of the British Empire in 1979, Officer of the Order of Australia in 1990. He was WA Citizen of the Year in Industry and Commerce in 1983 and won the Australasian Institution of Electrical Engineers James N Kirby Award and the Institution of Engineers Australia, Peter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal in 1993 and the Australian Institute of Company Directors (WA) inaugural gold medal for contributions to engineering, industry and commerce in 1994. Mr Clough received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering from the University of Western Australia in 1990. Speaking at a UWA graduation ceremony, he was quoted as saying: “Be enterprising, work hard, take a risk. The disappointments and disasters are shattering, but the harder you work the luckier you get. So I think the two things are associated.” Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clough, Harold Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Harvey von Bergheim Location The location of the interview Kingsley, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 3 minutes, 8 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 3 minutes, 32 seconds Interview 3: 57 minutes, 32 seconds Total: 3 hours, 4 minutes, 12 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:35 Track 2 00:00 Paul Harvey Fritz von Bergheim. Born 19 July 1948 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Did GCE ‘O’ level exams. 00:33 The family came to Australia for a better life. In Sri Lanka it was not possible to own your own home and families lived together. This may happen in Perth one day as well! 03:27 The family were rejected twice before they were accepted. They were sponsored by relations already living here and were assisted by Kim Beazley senior. They arrived in 1966. 04:09 Track 3 00:00 Harvey arrived when he was 17 and had completed his schooling. Harvey and his three brothers all started work. His sister attended Mercedes College and his younger brother went to Perth Modern School. 00:49 His first job was at Boans as a mail boy. The family rented a house in Princess Road, Claremont for a year or so. After 6 months Harvey left Boans and worked at Coventry Motors in Hay Street for 6 months as a spare parts clerk. Then he worked at Prestige Motors as a warranty clerk. 02:49 Harvey sat for the Public Service Exam at UWA Recreation Centre. He passed and got a job with the Repatriation Department (now called Veterans Affairs). There were no prospects of advancement here so after 2 years he applied for a job as a clerk in the Registrar’s Office at UWA. He was interviewed by Brian Rowland and Steve Wyles (Records Manager) in November 1969. After the interview Harvey was taken to see the Registrar, Arthur Williams. His office was where the present Vice Chancellor’s office is now. He was very proper and told Harvey that they don’t use the word “blokes” at UWA. 06:42 Brian Rowland was 6 foot 4 or 5 inches. He used to go fishing and would take Harvey with a group of other people. He would be able to drink two schooners of beer at Steve’s Hotel to Harvey’s one! He was a dinky-di Aussie and Steve Wyles was English 07:57 Harvey started work in December 1969. He worked in Central Records where all the records were on hard copy files. There were no computer records. The Records Section is now located on the corner of Broadway and Stirling Highway. The Records Section used to be where the Visitor’s Centre is now located. There were student files and general files. 09:53 There were wooden doors and a counter. Staff would fetch files that were requested and mark it out on the card. 10:14 The students were filed under number depending on the year of enrolment. The students would fill out an enrolment form which was then put on the file. All correspondence and paperwork would be placed on the file. The mail room was just behind and attached to the back of Central Records. 11:21 During this time, Harvey drove the mail van and delivered the mail for 3 weeks while the usual person was on holiday. The campus only stretched about as far as Chemistry. He would set off from Whitfield Court Administration. The mail round probably took about an hour. They had canvas mail bags. The departmental mail would be bundled up and dropped off at a central location. 14:20 There was a round in the morning and in the afternoon. The mail was collected from the Nedlands Post Office that used to be located at 35 Stirling Highway. The mail would be sorted in the Records mail room. It would be classified and then distributed. 16:18 There were 4 men in the office – Brian Rowland, Steve Wyles, John Devlin and Harvey plus about 8 female staff who opened the mail and did filing. There was a lot of filing. Enrolments were only at the beginning of the year. Files would be delivered often to the top floor. There were no administrators in the departments, they were all upstairs. Things would be delivered on a trolley. There wasn’t a lift as such it was more like a dumb waiter. 18:42 The typing pool was on the first floor. This was later called the stenographic unit. Lifts came in a lot later. 19:32 The files were needed upstairs so that the correspondence could be answered. A photocopy of the letter that was sent would then be put on the file and then the file came back down to records for filing. 20:50 Harvey used to drive to work from McCourt Street, Leederville. He would drop his father off at work in Murray Street in the city and his sister to Mercedes College and then drive to UWA. He parked in Car Park 1. The traffic was much less then. There would be trams running down Cambridge Street. 24:01 The office was behind the Visitors Centre. It was called the Records Section. Everyone had their own desk. Harvey sat next to John Devlin who created the new files and was Harvey’s direct supervisor. There were student files, staff files. There were also general files for Prizes and Bequests. In 1969 UWA was the only university in Perth. Each file would be registered on a slip. A student file would be cross referenced by name and number. 27:09 Files did sometimes go missing. Sometimes you could find them because they had been filed in wrong numerical position or caught up with papers in somebody’s office. 29:45 Track 4 00:00 Harvey worked from 8.30am to 5pm. There was an hour for lunch. You could also take tea breaks. Some people would take in cakes when it was their birthday. When Harvey became manager he suggested people put money in each month for a card and a cake. There were tea ladies who delivered the morning tea on a trolley. 02:32 There was no lunch room. Some people ate at their desks or outside. There were no microwaves. Most people brought their lunch. You could also buy it from the Hackett café or the shops at the top of Broadway. 04:25 Harvey remembers there was more after-work socialising in 1970. He worked under Bill Nation. Arthur Williams was still the Registrar. Cheryl Griffiths was the Statistics Clerk. Her maiden name was Higgs. She had a brother Paul worked as Manager of Engineering. Another brother, Michael, worked in the Publications Office. She left to have a baby. She married Martin Griffiths who was Vice Principal. Previously he was Examinations Officer and Fees Officer. 07:23 The job was advertised. Geoff Pearson had more experience and got the job but had to resign and return to New Zealand for personal reasons. Harvey does not remember whether the job was advertised externally. 08:48 Harvey started working as a clerk in the Statistics Section of the Registrar’s Office in 1970. He reported to Bill Nation, the Statistics Officer. Harvey compiled information from the enrolment forms. The information included where students lived in term time, holiday time, what units they were doing etc. Harvey circled in red felt pen what information needed to be updated. 11:42 Harvey took the forms to the dungeon where data processing girls would key in the information. The batches of cards were dropped off by Harvey at the Computer Centre to be processed overnight. The Computer Centre was where the Physics Building is. Then they would need to check the IBM forms. It was essential that all the information would be correct. 15:39 If students withdrew from a course this had to be filed. Today the 31st March and 31st August are the cut off dates. Then 30 April was the last day for withdrawal. The University was funded on 30 April if people withdrew, they did not receive the funding. The Statistics Office would process a student who withdrew on 29 March on 1 May in order to receive funding. You can’t do this now as the students pay the fees. This was the reason for the amount of files that used to be filed up around Harvey’s desk. 17:33 The office had to send out a list of people who had withdrawn or changed their enrolments. This was printed downstairs by the duplicating room. The Statistics Office and the Registrar’s Office were located in an administration building around the Sunken Garden. There may be a return to central administration again due to the new courses. 19:32 Harvey was also responsible for publishing the statistics within UWA. These had to be hand written very carefully before it was typed. 20:33 Track 5 00:00 Computing came into the job more and more. There was a place called Administrative Computing Services. There was a planning office on the top floor above Statistics run by Mr Richard Angeloni and Rod Boland. 01:20 Harvey organised for the enrolment forms to be pre-printed. The girls at the enquiry counter said that this caused them more work so the practice was abandoned. 05:49 There were telephone enquiries but it was not as common in the early 70s as paperwork was the more common approach. Harvey had his own phone. 08:06 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:33 Track 2 00:00 Harvey takes long service leave from June to August 1975. He is replaced by Peter Curtis who is now the Executive Registrar. Harvey went to Europe via Ceylon. 01:05 Harvey returned to Perth and UWA. He got married and didn’t return to Europe. He met his wife at UWA. 01:32 The Christmas function was held in the Undercroft at Winthrop Hall. There was a function that started at 12 noon. If you arrived at 1pm there was no food left. After the lunch Harvey’s group used to go on to Steve’s Hotel. 02:33 Some people went to University House. It was for all staff but you had to be a member. 03:14 There were not many social activities. Harvey’s work colleagues organised their own. Once a fortnight about a dozen of them went to Friday lunch at the Witches Cauldron in Subiaco and take the afternoon off. They made this up but going into work early on Monday. 04:14 On Fridays they used to go to Minsky’s Bar & Grill in Hampden Road or to the Broadway Tavern. The University Club was not a Friday night spot but because it was used more by the academics. Harvey’s group wanted to get off the campus once the working week was over. 05:39 There were no organised social or sporting activities. Harvey did not take part in sport apart from running. 06:17 Harvey got married to his wife, Bev, in the Sunken Garden on 29 December 1978. It was 42 degrees C. 07:40 Marriage on the university grounds has been going on for a while. People are now using the Tropical Grove. This was not as pretty and not as popular in the 70s. 08:43 There are also memorial services held there. Rhonda Haskell had a memorial service there recently. Harvey is not sure whether funeral/memorial services were held on campus in the 70s but weddings were very popular. Lots of students and ex-students get married on campus but services are not permitted during the examination period. 10:09 Harvey’s wife continued working until the birth of their first child in February 1984 when she resigned. Female staff either took maternity leave or resigned but she wanted to be a full-time mum. 12:34 Marriage did not change much for Harvey as he already knew people and his wife worked at UWA. 13:12 In March 1980 Harvey needed a challenge and moved to take a job as Media Control Clerk at the Tertiary Institution Service (TISC) on Stirling Highway (near the garage). This job was in the computing area and entailed processing enrolments for high school students working with the Secondary Education Authority. 14:48 His immediate boss was John Murray. Murray returned to UWA in about 2003 or 4 to head up the new Student Information Systems (SIMS). Mary Carroll was another colleague. She took over from John when he retired and is now Associate Director of SIMS. 15:51 TISC dealt with the results for high school students and wanted to apply to go to university. 16:58 Computers were gaining in popularity. The computer was housed in a special cool room. About 8 or 10 people worked outside the room. There was a computer on the table but it was very large and cumbersome compared to the ones today. 18:23 Harvey is not sure whether the filing system was also on computer. 18:50 In 1983 Harvey returned to UWA to work as Assistant Examination’s Office. The person in charge was Fred Pike. He later became Assistant Registrar at UWA. Harvey thinks that by this stage they had decided to merge Enrolments and Examinations into the one area but he is not completely certain. Harvey’s predecessor, Gary Habbishow had gone on secondment. He was originally from Human Resources. The job was advertised internally. 20:46 Harvey was interviewed by the then Registrar Malcolm Orr, Fred Pike, the Examinations Officer and Ian Peck the Admissions Officer. Harvey thinks he was successful because he knew how the enrolments side of things worked. 21:57 Harvey did his first examination timetable in April 1983. He had to draw up the examination timetable for the whole university which was approx. 7,500 students. Up until about 1989, UWA worked on 3 terms a year and the exams were held in April, August and November. The exams went for 1 week in April and August and for 2 weeks in November. 23:05 Exams started at 9am and 2pm. There was also an examination at 7pm. This exam was held in the Undercroft for security reasons. 23:51 When UWA moved to semesters the night exam was dropped. The Guild were consulted and it was agreed that this was would be replaced by an exam on Saturday morning. The Guild was very, very strong at this time. 24:39 Harvey presumes that the evening examination was due to a lack of venues. It was already happening when he arrived. For this reason Harvey was pushing for exams to be a maximum of 2 hours. It is not idea to put students who are doing a 2 hour exam in the same venue as those doing a 3 hours exam. 25:33 The shorter exam of 1 to 1.5 hours was done at night. The 2 and 3 hour exams were timetabled for during the day. There are more venues today. 25:56 Up to 2,700 students can be undergoing an examination in one session at 9am and 2pm. The examinations run for 13 days. There are 55,000 sittings but only 2,700 venues. 27:15 The supervisors often spent the whole day at the university if they had to supervise morning and afternoon exams. The supervisors are from outside the university. 27:49 When Harvey did his first timetable he had to do it manually with the assistance of a computer report that listed the exams that each faculty needed to run. This information was handwritten onto index cards with particular reference to the “Clash List”. The days would be set up and card by card the exams would be slotted in. In those days there were 4 law exams. These would be spread out during the week to be on a Monday and a Thursday for example. Medicine was also quite straightforward. Arts and Science exams are trickier to organise as they did so many different units. 30:09 Track 3 00:00 Occasion when there was a clash and Harvey and Fred Pike met with Dr Cyril Edwards from the Physics Department to explain the situation. Emphasises the benefits of face to face contact with people. 02:55 Stickler for the rules. Explains the rationale behind getting the exam papers delivered in plenty of time. The supervisor collects the paper from the appropriate pigeon hole on the day of the exam. 03:45 Complaint made to the Senate about the lateness of the medicine exam papers which were not delivered until the day before. 05:14 Ideally examination papers should be delivered to the Examinations Office 5 weeks before the exam. 05:37 The exam papers should be checked before they leave the faculty. The exam papers have a cover sheet and this is supposed to be check by the person who sets the exam. University policy is that the examiner needs to be present at the exam for the 10 minute reading time and then available in your office to deal with any queries or problems that may arise. This is easier now with mobile phones. 07:18 The policy of academics having to attend examinations goes back to the early 1990s when there was a problem with an examination and the examiner refused to acknowledge the error on the paper. This was then brought up at the Senate and a policy was then put in place almost immediately. Robert Smith was the University Vice Chancellor at the time. The office was assisted by the fact that the supervisor involved was Dorothy Ransom who was also a member of the Senate. 09:56 Harvey would also have to be on campus during the examination period including on Saturday if exams were scheduled. It was decided that exams should also be scheduled for Saturday afternoon once the evening exams were not running. This was taken up with the Guild. The rationale behind it was that by having exams on a Saturday you could schedule another exam on the Monday. 11:30 Harvey thinks that 3 hour examinations are a waste of time as the students lose focus after 1.5 hours. He would prefer to see 2 x 2 hour exams rather than 1 x 3 hour exam. 12:36 Academics have said that the exam paper could be drafted when the unit outline is put together at the start of the term. 13:27 There was nearly a disaster when one of the exam papers had the answers in hidden text on the cover page. The exam was taking place in the Undercroft but there were also some students taken the exam in the recreation centre. The exam papers had to be retrieved and reprinted. Harvey flew around the campus on his bicycle. The incident was reported in “Inside Cover” in the West Australian. It was a “one-off”. 16:19 Harvey’s attitude is that it has happened, let’s fix it. If nobody has been killed or injured then it isn’t the end of the world! 17:54 Cheating does take place in exams. Plagiarism certainly happens in assignments. How can you prove an assignment is all somebody’s own work? 19:12 Cheating does happen especially when students go out to the toilet. There was an incident in June this year when it was thought that students were visiting the toilet during an engineering exam to consult notes. 20:00 Most of the exam supervisors are females and they obviously cannot go into the male toilets. One young man was taking so long in the toilet that a male supervisor from another venue was asked to check out what was going on and sprung the student studying notes! The policy is that the notes are confiscated and the student is allowed to continue the exam but a report is put in by the examination supervisor. The report is given to the Examination Office and then forwarded to the Associate Dean in the relevant Faculty. 22:01 There is probably a case now that 3 supervisors are needed for every exam. People can then be walking the floor and one person can be escorted to the toilet. At present 60 invigilators are employed to supervise examinations. If this number is increased by 20, it will cost the university more money. Should fewer students be allocated per venue? Students can be moved to another seat if the supervisor thinks they are cheating by looking at their neighbour’s work. 25:19 Track 4 00:00 Often students are split into different venues upstairs and downstairs by alphabetical order. The can be thrown out completely if friends or boyfriends and girlfriends ignore this so that they can sit together. 00:54 There was a situation in the 1990s when an overseas male student sat an exam for a female student. 01:03 When the students come into the exam they fill out an information slip. They present their ID on the table. When the information slips are collected, these are checked off against the student ID card. The slips are sorted into alphabetical order. The slips are compared to the computer printout of the names of the students taking the exam. There is a Green form for absent students compared to the computer print-out. There is a Blue form for people not on the list. 02:32 In this case, the student left early and they could not be found on the list. The person who was supposed to be sitting the exam did not attend. The male sat the exam but a female was missing. 03:08 The girl who didn’t do this exam had 3 more exams but did not turn up. The guy who did the exam had 2 more exams but also did not turn up. 03:36 Harvey was unable to contact the girl or the guy at their registered place of residence. 03:54 A report was written so that the university was aware of what had happened. The International Student Centre was also informed. The Registrar was told and a comment was put on their academic records to the effect that they were not permitted to re-enrol at UWA until they met with the Registrar. 04:31 Staff told to take note if the academic records were requested. The academic record was sent out. The male student deleted the comment and photocopied the academic record so that the comment was not there and submitted it to the Australian High Commission in Singapore. When queried by the Australian High Commission, UWA sent the academic records for both students with the original comments to Singapore. 07:30 Interview 3 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:35 Track 2 00:00 Exam timetables were initially published on notice boards in the Reid Library, the Arts Building and one outside the Student Administration Office. 00:33 Exam results were published in the Undercroft on plastic white boards. The results were only for units that had been passed. 01:10 The results were published under student number and not under student name. 01:56 Sometimes a page or two might be stuck together and so a page of results might not be displayed! It was quite pain staking work putting up the results page by page. 02:39 In or around the late 1980s, the Guild asked them to stop publishing the results like this as hard copies of the results were mailed to the students. 04:15 In the late 1990s or early 2000 all timetables and results were placed online. There was a system where a student could type in their student number with a password and access their information. 05:40 Now Student Connect is very sophisticated and even informs the students as to which exam venue it is, where the venue is located and what time the exam is taking place. 06:12 There is a new system being developed to be even more informative for students regarding their undergraduate lectures and timetables. 06:59 The current system Australian universities use is called Callista. Nine Universities in Australia use it. If UWA wanted to change their system the cost factor would mean that they would need to get the other universities to use this new system as well. 07:30 Before they used Callista they had SRS that was developed within UWA with face to face meetings with the computer programmer Richard Styes. 08:35 The faculties and the academics also can access student information. Staff must to sign confidentiality agreements. There are various levels of access. There are also comments but derogatory comments cannot be placed on the student record due to issues with FOI. Managers can see more information. 11:19 Academics and administrators are encouraged to use Staff Connect. 11:52 TRIM is used by Central Records. There are no hard copy student files any more. Emails and other information can all be placed on this file. It is all by digital records. 13:21 There was a case where an ex student has attempted to get some records taken off his file or changed. As this is a contentious file it won’t be destroyed and is placed in the university archives. 14:51 The student can appeal to the Visitor – this is the top person in the university. 15:47 Track 3 00:00 1983 was when Harvey became involved in graduation on his return as assistant examinations officer. In April 2013 Vicki Pratt has assembled figures of how many graduations Harvey had seen. 01:19 All graduation ceremonies are held in the evening. In 2013 there were 11 or 12 graduation ceremonies in March and April and 5 in September. 01:46 In 1983, there were about 4 ceremonies in March/April but nothing in September. There was more demand for ceremonies in September. This also catered for the Doctor of Philosophy students who if they finished their degree in April had to wait until April the following year for their degree. 02:52 In the late 1990s they began accepting student enrolments in the middle of the year. 03:35 Other than graduating at ceremonies where the degree is conferred on the night. Curtin confers their degrees earlier and has the ceremony later. UWA degrees can be conferred in absentia at the monthly Senate meetings. 05:39 There is a story in the late 70s that there was a graduation during PROSH and there was some high jinx when they switched on the speakers. Harvey did not experience this so it is just hearsay. 06:25 The storm hit UWA at about 3pm on Monday 22 March 2010. . It caused a great deal of damage to the student admin building, to trees on campus, motor vehicles and to windows in Winthrop Hall and other buildings. 09:41 An emergency meeting was held at 5pm and it was agreed that the ceremony could not go ahead in Winthrop Hall. The plan was to split the ceremonies and have half in the Octagon Theatre and half in the University Club. 11:17 All the staff cars apart from Harvey’s had storm damage as he had parked under cover. 12:01 Harvey got to work at 6am the next day and received a call Robyn Wilson who suggested the Recreation Centre. The Rec Centre was going to hold the Australian Judo Championships but Rick Wolters who was the Deputy Director agreed to move the event to Challenge Stadium. He also organised to put down carpet squares to stop the floors from getting marked. John Stubbs met with the Registrar and the change of venue was agreed. 15:36 Mike Fish from Perth Party Hire agreed to supply 1300 chairs at short notice. Simon Chapman from the workshops also supplied 1300 chairs. They had to replicate Winthrop Hall and mark all the seats in theatre style with the relevant ticket numbers. All the other academics apart from the VIPs had to sit upstairs. 18:06 Staff had to prepare labels for the chairs and inform people ringing up about the change of venue. They put out a press release that was picked up by a radio station to inform people the ceremony was still on but with a change of venue. It was impossible to cancel the event. 19:08 There was lots of hard work and last minute work. The area outside the recreation centre and the Octagon was tidied up from the storm damage for the after ceremony party. Luckily the Undercroft was not damaged so people could still go there and get photos taken. Hackett Hall was cleared of people to get everything cleared up and cleaned up. Preparation were finalised by 6.15pm and the ceremony took place at 7.45pm which was only 15 minutes late. 21:38 Track 4 00:00 Because the graduation is so well planned and structured, it can be moved to another venue. Ditto for the examinations. 02:36 At the beginning of October applications for degree are sent to the student. Every year students have to re-enrol and state when they anticipate completing their degree. 04:01 Posters are put up indicating when applications for graduation are closing alerting students to go to Student Administration if they have not received this form. 04:30 Academic records are sent to the Faculty’s and they indicate whether the student will complete or not. 05:16 At the end of the year once the results are uploaded on or about the first week in December, an expected completed register is compiled. This goes to the Faculty and then comes back when it has been approved for processing. 05:48 Some people will have failed one or two units but have also have been expected to complete. Results are out by about 3 December and released to the students on 16 December. They view their results on Student Connect. 06:46 There are also late applications (these are charged a fee). There is a cut-off date in January the next year. From there the Graduation Officer has to configure the ceremonies. There are also PhD students to consider. There may be 3,500 students to process and they work out how many from Arts, Science, Medicine, Law etc. They sort them into groups and set the date. 08:30 Winthrop Hall can hold about 890 on the bottom floor. Each graduate gets two tickets. This is signed off by John Stubbs and Peter Curtis who decide how many ceremonies take place. 09:44 These dates have already been set. There are set 3 years in advance. The academic year is also set 3 years in advance. The students are then aware of the rough date for graduation i.e. between 15 March and 12 April. 11:45 Arts sometimes had to be held over two nights as there are so many graduates. 12:14 In the early 90s, then Chancellor Fay Gale attended an ECU graduation ceremony at the Perth Concert Hall and was convinced of the superiority of holding UWA graduation ceremonies at Winthrop. 12:47 There was an idea once (late 80s) to follow the American idea of holding all the graduations together in the one ceremony. They went through the logistics of this and it was realised that it is not possible to hold a graduation ceremony for 1500 at UWA. 14:10 Overseas students particularly enjoy bringing their families to Winthrop Hall. UWA have an official photographer at the Undercroft and people can also take their own photos. 15:00 PhD students are given priority for extra tickets if they are available. 15:47 The graduates are given information on appropriate dress code. 16:10 Track 5 00:00 One of the academics objected to one of the graduates having her midriff showing. People have to use their own common sense. 00:43 The ceremony starts at .30pm Students have to attend from 6.15pm to check in and have a demonstration by the Graduation Officer of what they are required to do. The guests come in at 6.30pm. The graduation starts at 7.30pm with a procession coming in with the organ playing. The National Anthem is played and there are speeches. The degrees are conferred. 01:46 The ceremony finishes about 9pm. Eats and drinks are supplied on Whitfield Court. The area is now roped off and there is security as there used to be gate crashers 03:22 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/e7600fdfaacebc6a043b81eaf5e2f323.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d2945e10ada945ad9aff84c0a821872c.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/3f8b7ff831c94924be70166181d15020.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/bbbd55dc1ddf1f9259283ae23cedec79.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/da1bcf7e13a0f936db4dfe5db0a0b52e.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 1, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/aa07b16dc876f7fbb80ca4ad5a468c2b.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/bfb2735ec61002c97911a1303f0e890a.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/16afe4b9e8051c1a76985ba91de51dbc.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/40600b9e368eec9a5f32c30d406fc81b.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 2, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/92142a8b6a0dacf348d9b70a43c8dffd.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 3, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8e28fe14f72f22d090134d5178c2898d.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 3, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/6e13fb1b243efff4e9df2383abf9f7bf.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 3, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7ac9c13e5de5abccadad8247610e8088.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 3, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/96fb5cac78ca6dbec259644ec3dd8a5c.mp3">Von_Bergheim, Interview 3, Track 5</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harvey von Bergheim interview, 17 October 2013, 24 October 2013 and 31 October 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Student Administration Description An account of the resource Harvey von Bergheim was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka and moved to Perth with his family in 1966. His first position in Administration at the University of Western Australia was as a clerk in the Registrar’s Office in 1969. From 1970-1979 Mr von Bergheim continued to work in the Registrar’s Office as a Statistics Clerk. In 1980 he took a job as a Media Control Clerk at the Tertiary Institution Service. In 1983 Mr von Bergheim returned to the University of Western Australia and worked as an Assistant Examinations Officer, which involved creating the examination timetables as well as assisting with graduations. More recently he has worked as the Manager of Student Administration and the Associate Director of Student Services. He retired from the University of Western Australia on 31 December 2013 after 44 years of service. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource von Bergheim, Harvey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Iain Brash Location The location of the interview Shenton Park, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour 5 minutes 23 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour 6 minutes 21 seconds Interview 3: 1 hour 32 minutes 45 seconds Total: 3 hours 44 minutes 23 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction 00:20 Track 2 00:00 Full name and DOB. Scottish family background. 01:29 Parents in London as a direct result of Great Depression. 01:53 William Denny & Brothers Shipyard, Dumbarton. Father then joins Metropolitan Police. 03:00 Mother’s mother was a primary school teacher. Iain’s mother worked in parents’ newsagent and tobacconist shop until she married and moved to London. 03:45 Mother and son moved back to Scotland during Second World War. Iain went to Knoxland Primary School, Dumbarton, Scotland from 1940-6. Very good primary education. 04:36 Lived with grandparents. Father re-joined family after the War. 05:13 Took 11+ examination in England as well as the Scottish equivalent, the Qualifying, just in case the family returned to Scotland. 05:52 The family remained living in Erith, Kent and Iain attended the local grammar school for his secondary education from 1947-1955. A very good school. Excellent teachers in history and English literature. Took a broad range of subjects for “O” level in 1952 aged 16, and 4 “A” level subjects. He also took 2 subjects for Scholarship level (history and Eng Lit). Awarded State Scholarship. 07:20 Had a 3rd year (aged 19) to take Scholarship exams for entry level to Oxford or Cambridge. He was accepted into Balliol College, Oxford which had strong Scottish connections. 08:40 Laid the ground work for his eventual post at UWA. Realised at university studying modern history that he wanted an academic career. Other job options might have been a career at the Bar or as a civil servant or librarian. 11:06 Very good historians at Balliol at the time including his tutor and mentor Christopher Hill, a Marxist historian and Richard Southern, the medieval historian. 11:27 Only 2 public exams at Oxford and then Finals. The colleges maintained their own exams. Iain and 4 others had the best results in the Prelims were invited to enter for one of the university prize essay competitions. Iain wrote an essay for the Gladstone Memorial Prize in 1959. All four won the prizes. 13:08 There was no Honours dissertation at Oxford at the time. Spent his second year doing research as a result of winning the Gladstone prize. A prestigious award and he thinks that it helped him get the post at UWA. 14:45 Gladstone prize winner given the duty of presenting part of this essay at the awards ceremony for conferring of degrees at the Sheldonian theatre. 17:02 Iain was expected to get a 1st but got a 2nd but he thinks winning the Gladstone may have made up for this. 17:52 Did national service in a Scottish regiment. Moving between England and Scotland meant he was turned down for a studentship to do postgrad study. He began to apply for positions abroad and wrote to the Master of the College to ask his advice. He also asked his senior tutor, A B Rogers who had taught Fred Alexander in the 1920s. He was advised to do so and applied for jobs in Queensland and Christchurch, New Zealand. 20:43 Left in summer of 1950 and started looking for jobs in August and asked his college for references. As luck would have it, Fred Alexander at UWA was looking for a Senior Tutor with a 3 year appointment who might then be suitable to be appointed to a lectureship. 23:17 Shortly afterwards Fred Alexander sent Iain a long letter of explanation. 24:11 Iain informed UWA that he was engaged to be married and was sent a cable, with a job offer of 1,500 Australian pounds and a first class fare to Fremantle by ship. 25:28 Further letters then came with advice on what to bring and Mrs Alexander also advised Iain’s wife Elizabeth on what clothes to bring. 26:11 Fred Alexander was on the point of leaving for study leave in India. 26:26 Iain and Elizabeth married on 22 December 1960 and embarked from Tilbury 8 days later on 30th. The arrived into Fremantle on 22 January 1961. 26:47 Iain and Elizabeth did not look beyond the 3 year appointment. It was an adventure but they had no firm plans to stay in Perth. Re-appointments were made every 3 years. 28:01 Track 3 00:00 Arrival into Fremantle early in the morning on a hot Sunday. Met by Frank Crowley (Acting Head of Department) and Robert Orr, lecturer in politics. Almost passed the ship taking Professor Alexander to India in Colombo Harbour. Wrote letter that he tried to send via the purser but the letter did not reach Iain until a month after he arrived. 02:03 Drove them up Stirling Highway. Lots of advertising signage. View of tower of Winthrop Hall. 03:11 Fred Alexander had arranged accommodation for 6 weeks in an apartment at The Mansions, 74 Mounts Bay Road. This cost 8 guineas a week. Frank Crowley thought it was too expensive. 05:19 Waiting at the flat, having set it up for them, was Marjorie Horrocks. 05:36 They were then shown around the campus. Lots of open space and buildings in progress. Superb grounds. 06:56 Fred Alexander had sent the Iain a brochure so he knew what to expect. 07:20 They were also sent a pamphlet by Joe Gentilli which detailed information on the climate. 08:27 Department housed in Chancery building and was a bit cramped. Iain shared a room with another recent arrival, Leslie Marchant who had come back from studying aboard to teach a course in Pacific history. Later Iain shared a room with Peter Reeves, an Indian specialist came in 1963 09:29 Ivo Schoffer was a Dutch historian who taught the first year course in 16th and 17th century Europe. He was located in Fairway. 09:46 Some people in other departments had their rooms in the Tower at Winthrop Hall. It was a period of expansion and they were running out of space to put people. 10:16 Employed (1 to assist John (“Josh”) Reynolds with tutoring for the Tudor and Stuart first year course and after the first term, to take over the organisation of the course; (2) to work with Ivo Schoffer in the early modern course 16th – 17th century and take some tutorials there; (3) teach a joint seminar with Fred Alexander in the third year course on modern history (from French revolution to WWI). An old fashioned course that had been taught for years. 12:00 IB to also give 3 lectures on Italian history in the 19th century and do some work on 19th century British history (Gladstone connection) 12:25 Not long after IB arrived he was also asked to be editor of University Studies in West Australian History. 12:35 Fantastic opportunity to obtain a wide range of experience very rapidly. 13:10 One of the first things IB asked (and detailed in the letter Fred Alexander tried to send via the ship’s purser) was to tutor external students (mainly WA country school teachers). FA had set up a course for them to come into Perth to have lectures and tutorials before school term started. This was to commenced 8 days after IB arrived (and he was informed of this request by Frank Crawley). He was to give a lecture on the main trends in British foreign policy from 1784 to 1914. 15:13 Les Johnson from the Education Department was in charge of the External students. 16:18 Quite a lot of IB’s school curriculum was equivalent of a Perth student’s first two years at university so he was well ahead of the game. 17:02 Did a special subject with Christopher Hill at Oxford on Cromwell and the Protectorate which also helped IB to get the position at UWA. He was not too specialist and had a good general and quite varied background in history. 17:28 In the middle of the year Ivo Schoffer was appointed Chair at Leiden, Netherland and IB took over his course and became a lecturer and took over the running of that course as well. At the end of the year he was made permanent. A pretty rapid promotion. 18:20 This followed a similar pattern for the next few years. Dropped the European history and didn’t do it again. In 1962 the European course wasn’t taught. Then Peter Lavan arrived in 1963 to replace Ivo Schoffer. He was a London graduate. 19:04 Not long after IB, Bert Hallam arrived in 1961. He was a medievalist from Cambridge (his wife Sylvia was an Anthropologist). He became Fred Alexander’s successor. Geoffrey Bolton to a second chair of History as part of the expansion after Fred Alexander retired. 20:06 IB stayed with Tudors and Stuarts until 1966 and worked increasingly with Fred Alexander until he retired. Taught and tutored British history with Fred Alexander and assisted with the Honours course. 20:37 Eventually in 1967 IB had his own course and began teaching his own Honours courses. 20:52 In 1961, the subjects being taught were decided by Professor Alexander. He was a “God” professor. The university at this time was largely run by a small group of professors. In 1961, the Professorial Board was a fairly small body. 21:46 IB a very junior member of the staff but on his first day in the Department he was taken to meet the senior officers of the University – acting Vice Chancellor, Harry Ware; then the Registrar and his deputy and the accountant. Felt very valued and welcomed. 24:14 Track 4 00:00 Many of the students in the early years were mature aged, male and female and part time. They came from all walks of life. 01:33 IB very impressed with some of the younger students who came straight from school. Many went on to have distinguished careers. Hugh Collins. Ian Copeland. Max Harcourt. 03:46 Two lecturers a week and one tutorial. Tutorial sizes at Oxford normally 2 to 1, at UWA it was 6 or 8 to 1. At these tutorials, one of the students would read out an essay. This practice later died out. 04:56 IB thought it was unusual that the teaching programme was published and tutorial topics and reading lists. 06:00 In Oxford it was not compulsory to attend lectures but it was standing room only for lectures by somebody of the calibre of AJP Taylor. 06:27 Discussion of Oxford tutorial system. Papers read by student and commented on but not marked. Learnt how to polish up the essay as you read it out. Always independent research. 08:23 Meant library had to have multiple copies of books. Different teaching environment. It was not the Oxford model but may have been that in Glasgow or Edinburgh. 09:13 Josh Reynolds a famous lecturer. Warden of St George’s College. Very spiritual. Graduate from Adelaide. Lectures held at the end of the Vice Chancery Building. Josh would walk across and start delivering his lecturers as he walked up the stairs to the lecture room wearing his old academic gown. Later gowns were discarded. 11:20 Fred Alexander also had his own style. Had been teaching since 1924. Some of the courses had not changed much in that time. In the years before IB arrived he believes that Fred had been catching up with recent reading. Very dynamic. An important figure both within the University and outside it. 13:08 Track 5 00:00 Conclusion by Julia Wallis 00:16 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:27 Track 2 00:00 Reflection on the 1960s expansion of UWA and the Department of History. Staff coming and going. Went from 6 staff members to around about 20 in a decade. 01:56 Fred Alexander’s foresight and pre-planning. 02:33 Changes to the Honours course over the years. 1960 new implementation for 1962 to move to 2 year programme of Honours and what the course entailed. Seminars ran over 5 terms. 07:10 Staff study leave issues. 08:11 Seeds developed by Fred Alexander and Frank Crowley. 08:47 1961 Fred Alexander future planning for the department. Separate department for Political Science with its own Chair. 09:48 FA also outlined more funding for senior tutors and areas that needed development such as Africa, America and 18th century European history. Recommended two more Chairs in History and suggested four amongst them being Modern, Medieval or Australian History. 11:25 Entrepreneurial character of Fred Alexander. 11:40 1964 – move from Chancery Building to new Arts Building and the completion of the first stage of the Reid Library. 12:16 Easier to hold tutorials in their own rooms in the Arts Building and to access their text books. Good for 8-10 students. Also space for new members of department even it was wasn’t on the same floor. 14:28 Morning tea used to be in Fred Alexander’s room. The new Arts Building had a common room and you could meet members of other departments. 16:04 Support staff 17:50 Building brought everyone together. 18:12 Lecture theatres were more modern and enabled the use of audio visual material. Lectures could also be recorded. This was important for the External Students. 20:59 Timetable had to incorporate part time and full time hours due to the number of part time students. At one time there were even lecturers on a Saturday morning. There were also a large number of married women who took their courses during the day. 22:42 A lot more younger staff arrived in the mid to late 60s and brought fresh ideas. In particular, Peter Reeves and Tom Stannage when he returned from Cambridge in 1971. 23:38 Teaching methods changed as the resources available improved. The development of the Reid Library was crucial at this time. 23:55 Fred Alexander recruited Leonard Jolley to be the new librarian from Glasgow University in 1959. Leonard Jolley regarded himself as a Scholar Librarian. 25:15 New people, new ways of teaching, new areas of study and research came together in the 1960s. The support of Leonard and his staff was integral to this process particularly in regard to the Arts. There was also funding available which helped to achieve these goals. 26:00 Track 3 00:00 Up until this time the History Department had not had its own library apart from the books donated by Bert Hallam. Academics in the History Department also made use of the Law library and the Fine Arts and Architecture library. 02:56 Leonard was able to supply multiple teaching copies and keep up with the amount of publications on the market. He was also able to obtain larger amounts of funding to support specialised topics such as 17th century studies or South Asian studies. 04:12 IB always took his 2nd and 3rd year students on a library tour in order to show them all the resources – reference works and collections (including microfilm and microfiche). Goldsmith Kress library of economic and social material going back to 17th century was a wonderful resource. They also had the reprints of British Parliamentary papers from the 19th century. 08:04 Track 4 00:00 Retirement of Fred Alexander 1966. One Professor was replaced by two – Professors Bert Hallam and Geoffrey Bolton. 01:30 Two very different men. Bert Hallam a Medieval historian. Agrarian history especially in East Anglia. Great range of knowledge. Very gregarious. Strong researcher. 05:53 Geoff Bolton a local boy returning. First class honours from Oxford. 07:15 The old regime had passed. Bert stayed for a long time. Geoff there from 1966 until 1973 when he became part of the Foundation team at Murdoch University. 08:40 Frank Crowley left in 1963 so Geoff was a boost to Australian history picking up where Frank left off. Then Brian de Garis and Tom Stannage. 10:55 Geoffrey was also looking at more broadly based course such as the Rise of the West. A forerunner to global and world history developed by Tony Barker and Judith Woodward. They took turns in being department head. 12:00 Iain Brash was the first non-professorial head of department 12:14 Track 5 00:00 Journal of University Studies established before WW2. First Economics and History. Later revived in 1953. Changed title to Western Australian History later. Underlined the amount of work done at Honours and Masters in WA history. 01:45 1961 – IB asked to edit this journal. Name changed to University Studies in History with a view to bring in more outside articles. Published work originally researched for honours or masters theses. Peter Boyce on Governors in WA in late 19th. Articles on colonial literature in WA and Goldfields literature by Beverley Smith. 07:47 Other people then published it. The final issue was in 1970 when the foreword said from now on the journal would be dedicated on papers in South Asian history. Reflective of what was happening at the time (1960s-1970s). Arrival of Peter Reeves in 1963. Then Hugh Owen. 09:70 Peter Reeves returned to UWA as Professor in 1974. Some others obtained positions in the Eastern States or went to WAIT which later became Curtin. Curtin became a Centre for work on South Asia although the staff at the universities worked together. Frank Broeze who came in the 1970s worked with these groups. Developed into Indian Ocean Studies Inter university co-operation. 11:18 Perhaps a precursor to inter disciplinary studies that later took place. 12:30 Track 6 00:00 The experience of students in 1960s and 70s with regard to course work and examinations. Marking. The exam was the dominant determinant of the students’ results. 03:08 At this time it was 3 terms not semesters (1989). Whole of year courses. 03:39 Early 1970s – student participation in decision making. 1971 student representation at History department meetings. 05:38 Move to assessment of course work for final result. IB started using course work in assessment in 1973 (30% being course work). Later it became 40%. 07:05 Honours programme tied to the term structure and gave rise to issues 07:33 Track 6 00:00 Conclusion by Julia Wallis 00:20 Interview 3 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:31 Track 2 00:00 Interview to discuss three main aspects of academic life - teaching, research and administration 00:52 Issues in the 1970s – reduced University funding 01:30 How the Department responded to those challenges. Prof Peter Reeves Head of Department (appointed 1974 after Geoffrey Bolton left to join Murdoch University) produced a document identifying the problems: staffing, tutorial sizes, abolition of study leave replacements. 03:45 Peter Reeves put together a plan to meet these challenges – teaching the same subject for 2nd and 3rd year courses. 05:15 Introduced some new units 17th century England, Islam, History of the United States. 06:11 Programme came into effect in 1982. Successful. 06:30 1989 – 2nd and 3rd year units semesterised. 06:49 How IB became head of department. 1975 Senate resolution that the department head did not have to be a professor. 07:42 1977 History Department put together a procedure to establish the next head of department by ballot. 10:10 IB Head of Department 1981 to 1983. Succeeded by John Tonkin. 10:42 Significant change when Peter Reeves left to join WAIT (now Curtin) in 1985. A planning document drawn up. One important proposal was to establish the Centre for Western Australian History. Prime movers Tom Stannage and Brian de Garis. This was established in 1985. Self-supporting but became very successful. 12:29 The other important issue discussed in the Planning Document was that the second History Chair should be Australian History. The vacant chair was advertised and the successful candidate was Richard Bosworth. 14:16 Richard Bosworth teaching from 1987. People coming and going. Three retirements: Bert Hallam, Isobel Durack and Leslie Marchant. In 1990 Brian de Garis left for Murdoch. New arrivals were Norman Etherington, Charlie Fox, Philippa Maddern etc 15:32 Period of early 70s, now late 80s, next phase was around the time IB retired in 2001. 16:02 Track 3 00:00 IB found teaching the most enjoyable. Last time full time was 2000. Did his favourite topics. Two Honours – (1) Orange and Green and (2) Victorian Social History. For 2nd and 3rd year courses, IB taught British Social & Political History and tutored for Richard Bosworth in Hitler and the Holocaust. 02:57 Teaching IB enjoyed – Honours. Small group teaching. 04:14 Design of the course. Everyone in the class participated. Example of public health in the Victoria city. 07:28 Condition of agricultural workers in different parts of England. 08:05 First year teaching. From 1987 IB assisted Richard Bosworth in new unit. Study of historiography. What they wrote. Who they were. Why they wrote what they did. The importance of interpretation and criticism. History 102. 09:36 Richard Bosworth used extracts from the Goon Show and music. Discussion of distinctive lecturing styles. 10:40 Topics – 20th century – communism, fascism, etc AJP Taylor referred to as “God” of the course by Richard Bosworth. A demanding course for the first years but after a while the penny began to drop. 12:10 1997 – review of BA. Recommendation that the first year be semesterised. Richard Bosworth’s course had to be changed to fit the new pattern. It did not have the impact that the full year course had. 13:17 Track 4 00:00 Early experience of research as a school boy. 1955 British General Election. Study into educational background of new members of Parliament. 01:47 Oxford research on Gladstone material in British Museum. 02:16 What to research once in Perth. Learning Australian history while editing articles for University Studies. 03:16 1963 – 6 months study leave. Decided to do research in modern Scottish history. Travelled to UK by ship (6 weeks of this leave spent on ship). 04:55 Had a house in Edinburgh. Worked in national archives and visited private homes. 05:24 Background to publishing in 1974-75, a volume published by the Scottish History Society. In 1964 IB visited Dalkeith Palace belonging to the Duke of Buccleuch to study the Buccleuch papers. (They were since moved to Edinburgh). A treasure trove. The Reform Act – how can we rescue the situation? The papers demonstrated how they organised, raised money, got people to vote and manufactured fictitious votes. [Papers on Scottish Electoral Politics 1832-1854, Scottish History Society, Fourth Series, Volume II (Edinburgh, 1974).] 09:31 Among the papers were a series of electoral surveys put together by Donald Horne, lawyer and agent of the Duke. IB thought they should be published in a volume to pull together the different papers with a story of the period and to include the surveys done by Donald Horne. 11:45 This became a substitute for not doing a PhD. The material was too rich to ignore. 13:20 Continued work on Scottish poll books. This was new research. IB did a lot of research but did not do enough publication. 14:40 Led to a publication in 1996 which posed the question - In the Scottish counties in 1832 who actually got the vote? A lot of detailed work for a 20 page article. ['The New Scottish County Electors in 1832: an Occupational Analysis', Scots and Parliament, edited Clyve Jones, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, 120-39.] 17:37 Track 5 00:00 The importance of administration. 01:08 Administration work for or on the Scholarship Committee 1975 to 1997. Firstly on Sub Committee ranking candidates for post graduate scholarships for candidates throughout the university. Some were candidates for overseas scholarships. 05:17 Member of the main committee1983 until 1988. From 1986 to 1988 IB was the Chairman of that Committee. As Chair there was always general business. Brian Cleary was the secretary. 07:07 Discussion of Academic Board administration and duties. 07:50 Administration became front and centre in the final part of IB’s career when he came Department Head from 1997 to 2000. 08:16 Track 6 00:00 1996 Philippa Maddern Head of Department (from 1993). From April 1996 IB approached to resume the headship. 01:37 Mid 1990s mounting problems for the Department – funding. Enrolments and staff costs. 03:12 Two main issues that dominated 1996 (1) funding issues; (2) review of the Bachelor of Arts degree. 04:32 December 1996 workshop on changes after review of BA. Change from terms to semesters for first year. 05:37 Australian studies introduced around this time. 05:53 Review wanted the department to look into generic skills to make the BA more useful. Course handouts on how a BA would enable you to develop useful skills. A requirement that felt ridiculous. 07:07 Practicum Tony Barker. 07:42 Structure of Honours programme reverted to 1961 days from two years to a one year 4th year programme after the pass degree. Historiography, two seminars and a dissertation counting for 50% final mark. 09:15 History Department had excellent staff but had 6 professors. Many were fellows of the Academy. Very good record in publication. Outstanding students. Many senior staff. Top heavy. Victims of their own success. 12:22 The budget was very much tied to enrolments especially at first year level. Then you had to ensure the students carried on into second and third year. Very successful in recruiting Honours students and after English had the highest post graduate school in the faculty. Students completed Masters and PhDs with distinction on a regular basis. 13:25 Some of the staff had health problems. 13:42 1997 to 1998 endless meetings and discussion as to how the History Department could resolve the problem of its debt. Talk of redundancies. Rumour of breaking up of department. 15:14 Staffing was central to the issue. The Review Committee were critical of the professors as a group as they did not play a large enough part in the running of the department. IB as head of department had to implement the recommendations which meant he remained head for 4 years and not 3. 18:02 A list of 15-20 recommendations. Some to do with changes to courses. Several different levels to review included changes to courses, changes to department, budgets and restricting. 19:45 The restructuring was tied to funding. 20:30 IB received a letter from the Deputy Vice Chancellor Alan Robson that by a certain date IB had to give him a plan of how they would deal with the staffing problem. 21:11 There were 2 early retirements. The Review was similar to what happened in the early 80s. New units, new approaches. 22:37 In 1999, they had to report on what they had done. 22:48 Immediately after the review the department had a meeting with the review panel who came from the Eastern States. They were told some rather painful home truths. Many of IB’s colleagues were very unhappy with this. 23:33 Track 7 00:00 Even before the panel left the department met to discuss how to respond. IB wrote a report on their progress. Well received - marked increase in enrolments in 1999 and a 33% increase in 2nd year enrolments. 01:07 1999 Tom Stannage left to take up a position at Curtin. He was not replaced. 02:02 IB suggested he present an annual report to the department that be incorporated into the Minutes. This had not been done before. 02:45 Annual Report written partly to deal with peoples’ issues. Threat of redundancy ever present but did not ever happen. 04:37 There were good things happening as well as the problems and the Annual Report helped to emphasise the successes of the staff and the students. 05:13 Visiting staff. Fred Alexander Fellowship enabled international scholars to visit for 2-3 weeks, deliver the Fred Alexander lecture and give seminars. 05:44 People sometimes came for the conferences. 06:23 Annual Reports were written in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Also an opportunity to thank the admin staff such as the departmental secretary, Muriel Mahoney. 07:28 Ironically some of the new units suggested by the Wise Men from the East did not get as many enrolments as the old units did. 07:52 IB is unaware of what the lasting consequences of the review were. 08:23 The review brought an end of Iain’s career and he gave up at the end of October 1999 and Professor Norm Etherington became head of department (now school). He kept teaching for another 8 years but took no more active part in departmental affairs. 09:17 Track 8 00:00 Chancellor’s Medal awarded in 2001. Ken Michael was then the Chancellor. IB received the medal at the graduation ceremony on 10 September 2001, the evening before 9/11. 02:02 Thoughts of leaving UWA for overseas or elsewhere. Discussion of offer from Christchurch, New Zealand. Considered moving to University of Aberdeen in 1968. [interruption by phone ringing] 03:19 Track 9 00:00 By this time Iain was senior lecturer and had 3 children and did not think a British salary was sufficient. Plus the family was happily settled in WA. After this, he did not look elsewhere. He came in 1961 for 3 years and stayed for over half a century! 01:40 Track 10 00:00 Conclusion by Julia Wallis 00:23 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/dec778f5ab06fd2d00881c1a3a5bdb14.mp3">Brash, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b8418636e95675234069def091081a0f.mp3">Brash, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d36b7ee87813ea71e215047c0ddc049c.mp3">Brash, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/96977de6ac1fd6acc5d621e4a033e7da.mp3">Brash, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/dd34f34f32956f8d5a9eee03294a4bb2.mp3">Brash, Interview 1, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/96cfe0d4ffee543d91568abe5a83695e.mp3">Brash, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/25e80ba33520935aaf02caa99a728430.mp3">Brash, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/de6e5c74df4cf184d0f367be65ce452c.mp3">Brash, Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/02c9a47115583a6dfdfb430ab14cccaa.mp3">Brash, Interview 2, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/85e5884451aefcb58db45b62910bbe1a.mp3">Brash, Interview 2, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/3d5576900d0932f7599d23c192f14c1d.mp3">Brash, Interview 2, Track 6</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/ee2ba3498497b9a4226831cd6bd03399.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/beb45bb351026220b4039fa95bbd571a.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f9df64eb9896a46d1f704d6f015b99cb.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/bacae8e8b601820be409690f1c41a92f.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/03a2b63078020b5d833d723ef93cbd15.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/fe46505a29c0a6a6c1e96daf5a3f2211.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 6</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8831570fb532bb6dc57de25e1bb71bb3.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 7</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/cc65185d68f4b7ab86c28210be9f46b0.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 8</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/876f93ae505022cb64ee84544a248d25.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 9</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b3b001f40a47e0785a609a7e3b563b86.mp3">Brash, Interview 3, Track 10</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Iain Brash interview, 7 September 2012, 14 September 2012 and 21 September 2012 Subject The topic of the resource History Description An account of the resource Iain and his wife Elizabeth arrived by ship to Fremantle on 22 January 1961. Iain was appointed as assistant to John Hayward (“Josh”) Reynolds. Iain taught history at UWA for 48 years. Iain officially retired in 2001 but only finished teaching at the end of 2008. At this time he was working as a Senior Honorary Teaching Fellow supervising PhD students. Iain was Head of Department from 1981-1983 and again from 1997 to 2000. Iain particularly enjoyed teaching Honours students and was nominated by his students for the Excellence in Teaching Award that he won in 1994. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brash, Iain Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f4c0e73d8d759607cfe192ee43f68ab3.mp3 b0ec8a2c82eea163d4727ee02a4f8484 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7e2f5afb9d8a8e407ad182bdef292290.mp3 9be9fe5cf6aec7b802c674fc4068edb5 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/44a805ba753c892d9b13bc6f3e98f341.mp3 5425a594333c3cb3acbca1434952b623 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b869644386662e9d61b3428a45c4e245.mp3 a9893de2c3a1f63810f531dd852e23cb https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d812a1ea26c128cb4dec9bd2b2a405ed.mp3 ab8924b27697b51a109c6d552ff8a0bf https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/78e83599eaab49d5e9310de77929ffe9.mp3 9264d230671135676b6f33cbddc93444 https://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4d66a1c95ea40f7faa5bdaff07d67cb5.mp3 6f9c65dbbc2d84f2a2896ba8df81b58d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ian Constable Location The location of the interview Mosman Park, WA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 3 minutes, 48 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 34 minutes, 35 seconds Total: 2 hours, 38 minutes, 23 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f4c0e73d8d759607cfe192ee43f68ab3.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7e2f5afb9d8a8e407ad182bdef292290.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 1, Track 2 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/44a805ba753c892d9b13bc6f3e98f341.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 1, Track 3 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b869644386662e9d61b3428a45c4e245.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 1 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d812a1ea26c128cb4dec9bd2b2a405ed.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 2 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/78e83599eaab49d5e9310de77929ffe9.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 3 </a><br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4d66a1c95ea40f7faa5bdaff07d67cb5.mp3">Constable_Ian, Interview 2, Track 4</a> Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:38 Track 2 00:00:00 Ian Jeffrey Constable (IJC) was born in Sydney in 1943. Father a civil engineer. Mother a high school teacher. Moved to Parkes, NSW when IJC was aged 4 as his father inherited the family farm in Forbes. His father had worked on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and continued to work as a civil engineer and worked on the farm on weekends. When IJC was aged six, his father resigned and the family moved onto the farm full-time. IJC’s older brother was to carry on the farming tradition and it was expected that IJC would make his own way. He more or less brought himself up as his mother and father worked full-time. He attended a one teacher school. A couple of his class mates were very gifted. In the 1950s, the town was cut off by frequent floods and he did his schooling by correspondence. He sat for a scholarship at Shore School in North Sydney. He did not get the scholarship but the school accepted him anyway. 00:08:43 IJC’s father applied his engineering knowledge to survey and irrigate the farm. Wool was £1 for a pound in 1952. The family were not poor but they were not well off either. When IJC got a Commonwealth Scholarship to university he was hoping to study arts but his father was more practical and advised him to study medicine as it took 6 years and was better value for money. IJC worked very hard at the Shore School to get in the top half dozen in his class. There were some luminaries amongst them. A good proportion of the scholars were country children. When IJC went home for the holidays he was expected to pitch in with the farm work. He did the night shift for the ploughing and the irrigation. 00:16:22 Prime Minister Menzies started the Commonwealth Scholarship scheme. The top 10% of children across the nation received a free education if they gained good results in their leaving certificate. IJC has happy memories of Shore School which had high academic standards particularly in science, technology and mathematics. IJC also studied 3 languages. When he was aged 16, he left school to attend the University of Sydney. There were about 780 first year medical students which was whittled down to approximately 340 in second year. Medicine was rote learning and written examinations rather than practical examinations. Students did have to assist in operations and help to deliver babies but the majority of their practical training was done during the intern years at a teaching hospital. 00:23:00 After six years, IJC did not know what he was going to do with his degree. He was accepted into the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPAH). It was highly academic but the working hours were arduous. Pay was £14 per week which was a third of a teacher’s pay. By this time he was married and his wife Elizabeth was teaching in Leichhardt. He had wanted to be a general physician but got to know some of the specialties and became interested in ophthalmology. After 2 years at RPAH a vacancy came up and he became a trainee in ophthalmology for two years. Then he got a postgraduate scholarship from the University of Sydney for Harvard. This caused some consternation when he left but the opportunity was too good to miss. He left for Boston in 1970 having graduated at the end of 1965. 00:28:51 Medical research was in its infancy in Australia. The clinical care in Sydney and general anaesthesia was far superior but there was not much research in ophthalmology apart from the work of Sir Norman Gregg at RPAH. IJC had to wait 18 months to get into the clinical research programme at Harvard. This project was funded by the Cancer Institute in Washington and lasted for the duration of his time here. At the same time, he did the clinical training and the American Board and became a permanent resident. He was appointed Acting Director and was also a junior lecturer in the Harvard Medical School. 00:34:31 In 1973, IJC was contacted by a person in Sydney who told him that the University of Western Australia (UWA) was looking to set up an ophthalmology department. Later he received a personal visit inviting him to come to Perth. Lions had funded the project and UWA were prepared to host the new department. David McAuliffe picked him up at the airport and took him to his home. David saw 200 patients on a Saturday morning. IJC was taken out to dinner at the River Room at the Parmelia by three different factions at the university on the same night! 00:39:40 The following day he attended a barbeque at a farm in the foothills. It was quite a culture shock. There was great suspicion of him because he came from the eastern states. Also, everyone was related to somebody else in Perth so it was very easy to make a faux pas. Boston’s population was 3 million people in 1973. There were 250,000 postgraduate students from all over the world studying at twenty four different universities in the Boston area. Nobody in Boston asked about your background. An academic board meeting at UWA was full of ex British academics who seemed to have come over to Perth to retire. 00:45:36 What motivated IJC to come to Perth? He was 31 years old in May 1974. UWA offered IJC an associate professorship in the Department of Surgery at Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) which he did not think was attractive enough. Finally, he was offered a Full Chair and $1 million in research funds and his wife Elizabeth was offered a tenured job as a lecturer in the Education Faculty at UWA. They decided to give it a trial for 2 years. 00:47:24 Bob Linton was an ophthalmologist and supporter of the Lions clubs in WA and was a key mover and shaker who pushed for IJC to get this position along with David McAuliffe, Ray Whitford and Chris Wilson. Bob Linton had persuaded the Lions Clubs that they needed an eye hospital in Perth and then they decided this was too expensive and that they should have a Chair in Ophthalmology and would fund an academic department at UWA. This was approved in 1970 and UWA agreed to pay the salary for 5 years. Lions were a significant political force. The Health Department put up half the money and RPH threw in a secretary. 00:51:26 When IJC arrived in 1975 he had one room in RPH, a secretary and a million dollars. It was up to him to make it work. He was flying back to Boston every month for the first year as he had to fulfil a research grant. He saw lots of patients at RPH but had skills that nobody else had in WA so he was in great demand. At the end of the first year he was performing operations in two theatres all day on a Saturday as well as working during the week. He had meetings with Lions every couple of months. Lions had started screening programmes in glaucoma. IJC would do screenings in country WA. Then he also did diabetic retinopathy. This lasted for 10 years. It created an enormous amount of publicity and boosted the profile of the Department. In 1980, the State Government gave IJC an Advance Australia Award. 00:55:15 IJC also visited Arthur Lim, the leading eye surgeon in Singapore, on his way to Perth. He became guardian to Lim’s children who were boarding at school in Perth. He and Lim co-wrote Atlases for trainees in the eye field. It became a best seller in the third world and was published in 14 different languages. IJC developed a reputation in Asia and he and Lim set up training programmes. In 1976, he began to perform operations in Australia and Asia using machines he had brought with him from Boston. This also added to his prestige. Many people wanted to come to Perth to train with IJC for a year. Private patients started to arrive as well. This meant that he had his own source of money instead of it all going into the UWA pot. IJC set up an independent institute and went half time. He used a model whereby they had a private medical practice within the university. This model still exists and funds 14 surgeons. It is the largest group in Australia and a percentage of their earnings goes back into the Institute which is a charity. This in turn funds the infrastructure for their research. 00:59:06 By 1980, IJC was on the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC) medical research committee and he had hired a group of researchers out of various funds and had a number of research grants. In about 1980, the Institute held 90% of the research grants funds in the whole division of surgery. Eventually, they became independent of surgery but this was not until the 1990s. Bernard Catchpole the Professor of Surgery was enormously helpful. When IJC arrived he was young and unknown and being based in RPH was effectively sidelined from the medical school that had been set up at the new Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (SCGH). The model IJC set up was to hire post-doctoral science graduates rather than doctors. He wanted people to do basic investigational research. There was some resistance to this. Luckily IJC was able to follow the model that was pioneered by Byron Kakulas . Rotary had raised money to give Byron a Chair in neuropathology. 01:03:10 END OF INTERVIEW 1 Interview 2 00:00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:00:39 Track 2 00:00:00 When IJC first came to Perth he was installed at RPH with a secretary. He increased the Lions screening programmes and visited Lions Clubs throughout Western Australia two evenings a week for just over two years. He visited over 140 Lions Club. This cemented the support of the Lions Clubs and publicised the ophthalmology services. The ophthalmologists in Perth also demanded his services and he was very busy seeing patients (both public and private) in Australia and South East Asia. At first, the money went to the university and then dribbled back to ophthalmology until IJG set up a tax free foundation “The Australian Foundation for the Prevention of Blindness”. This money together with NH&MRC grants funded research. IJC set up a teaching programme which hadn’t existed before. He recruited a senior lecturer, Richard Cooper and post-doctoral science people to conduct research. 00:06:16 The Lions Save Sight Foundation was set up in 1970. This foundation provided core salaries for the research scientists. Most were from WA but one was from Cambridge University and another from Romania. RPH built an animal house. A dedicated research building was not built until some years later. The team ran out of space very quickly. In 1983, they transferred most of the laboratory activity to the old A Block in SCGH (this had been the chest hospital). The Lions Eye Institute (LEI) was now an independent legal entity and their new home served them well until the 1990s. Anyone they recruited had to have a link with RPH (which is still the major eye care centre). Half of IJC’s salary was put towards hiring Professor Ian McAllister. IJC’s secretary came from RPH and was very capable. She resigned in the 1980s. 00:10:12 Their reputation was dependent on being frugal and scientifically capable. Professor Valerie Alder became Deputy Vice Chancellor at Murdoch and Frank van Boxmeer became Head of Clinical Biochemistry at RPH. The core science emphasis differentiated them from other groups in Australia. At one time the group was the largest in Australia. They are the only group that uses private medical practice as a model for funding research. This model presently sustains 14 people screening and operating on eyes and a proportion of their earnings is ploughed back into the Institute. The group moved to SCGH in 1983 on a long term lease. There was never any question of moving to the UWA campus although there was talk about moving to the St John of God campus in Subiaco at one stage. The key Lions personnel involved in decision making (such as Jack Hoffman, Tom Cameron, Brian King, Kerry Price and John Knowles) were professional people and were eminent business people in Perth. The project was one of the first examples of good public outreach on the part of UWA. 00:14:32 Nobody at UWA minded that the group weren’t on campus. The Vice Chancellors were very helpful. Robert Street (1978-1985) joined their Board. Alan Robson (2004-2011) extricated the group from the Department of Surgery and made the group the centre of ophthalmology and visual science at UWA. This gave the group direct access to their funds instead of it going into the university pot. Chancellor Sir Lawrence Jackson (1968-1981) invited IJC to his home for dinner. Don Aitken (1981-1990), Justice Kennedy (1990-1998), Alex Cohen (1998-2000) and Ken Michael (2001-2005) were all friends and/or patients and were very helpful. IJC did not really feel part of the university but he was too busy to take part in many of the campus activities. He often travelled to Asia just for the weekend. He was also travelling to America quite frequently. It wasn’t compulsory to attend meetings at UWA and he tended to only attend those that were directly related to the Centre. As they did no undergraduate teaching, they were not really considered to be part of the medical faculty. IJC did take part in the university cricket club and attended Festival of Perth events. For 25 years, he did not take part in any of the lobbying for UWA funding. It was helpful being under the UWA umbrella as it assisted them to apply for NH&MRC grants. IJC held research grants continuously from 1975 to 2014. They also used UWA resources including animal houses, laboratories and ethics committees. Alan Robson realised that the centre was bringing in lots of infrastructure funding to UWA and supported them by providing more resources and salaries. 00:20:34 IJC joined the University Cricket Club in about 1975. The Club played a yearly match against the Swan Valley wine makers. It was a good way of meeting other UWA academics. 00:22:27 University ethics committees have tightened up over the years. In the late 1970s, the Sultan of Terengganu provided the Centre with a large colony of primates after IJC operated on his eye. One of the Vice Chancellors was opposed to primate research and it has since ceased in Western Australia. The gene therapy research is done on primates in Bejing, Shanghai and Singapore. IJC was Chairman of the Animal Ethics Committee in the 1980s and became the target of anti- Vivisectionists. A lot of this research can now be done on mice and by computer modelling. Research on humans can only be done if it has proved to be safe on animals. 00:28:40 When the Centre moved to SCGH they were given 30 rooms of space as opposed to 4 rooms at RPH. Instead of being a university department only supported by the Lions Save Sight Foundation and RPH they now became the Lions Eye Institute (LEI) which was an independent body and held a 30 year lease to the space at the Queen Elizabeth II (QEII) Medical Centre. The recruited more young people who are now professors. They all went half time at the university which meant for the other half of their time they could see patients and generate revenue. Revenue is made quite quickly because the turnover of patient consultation is fairly quick. They have an obligation to teach, to serve in a public hospital and to do some basic research. At one stage, LEI did more than 20% of all the ophthalmology in Western Australia. Today it is more like 10%. It was crucial to have independent space rather than use space in a university or a public hospital. The LEI created a tension within the hospital due to the fact that they were independent of the hospital and had different rules but the new premises made the LEI very productive. They developed an artificial cornea and solid state lasers and were awarded grants of $3 million and more from the Department of Industry and Commerce in Canberra. They eventually expanded to having 150 scientists and support staff in QEII. Laser surgery was first introduced in 1976. IJC visited the Premier (Sir Charles Court) with two of the Lions. The State Government donated one to RPH. 00:34:45 By 1990, the LEI was well recognised. Big financial backers included Sir James McCusker, Bill Wylie and Sir Lawrence Wilson. In 1992, there was a huge public fund raising drive which generated $8 million to build the new Centre at 2 Verdun Street, Nedlands. The Government gave them a 99 year lease on the land within the QEII. They also kept their space in A block at SCGH. In about 2005, they ran of space in Verdun Street. Alan Robson asked IJC to join with him to lobby in Canberra along with Fiona Stanley from the Children’s Hospital and Peter Klinken from the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research (WAIMR) (now the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research). In 2007, Prime Minister John Howard awarded them $1 million for a State Medical Facility. This built the block that is the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research at SCGH. LEI was awarded one floor in that building on a long term lease. This provided an adult research facility in WA. IJC considered that the scientists are better off cross pollinating rather than confining themselves to eye research only. It is working well since the building opened in 2013. LEI now has three spaces – the original floor on A Block, the LEI red brick building on Verdun Street and a floor in the Harry Perkins Building which are all accessible from each other. 00:41:06 The research demands are great and the practice is very large (15 doctors). LEI see 50,000 patients each year. The research groups are pretty much self funded. Some clinicians work with them so that the results can be more easily transferred to the patients. Diabetes affects sight. Safety campaigns have reduced many industrial accidents. People live longer so there are more incidences of macular degeneration, cataracts and glaucoma. Thousands of people use laser surgery to correct myopia. This was only invented in the late 1980s. Micro surgery is much more precise and cataracts can be operated upon much earlier than before. In the last 10 years, LEI has been using biochemical antibodies that are injected into the eye to prevent macular degeneration. Medical science is advancing rapidly. There are even ways to help blind people using artificial vision. Stem cells and gene therapy are other new advances. IJC has been working on gene therapy for the last 15 years. LEI has a science base which means that they can be involved in the development of these things. Perth is not the biggest group now as eye research has become the norm. LEI is comparable to the University of Sydney. The University of Melbourne is bigger. Eye research is now much more the norm. Australia rates very highly in research on a per capita basis but they are behind in developing patents. 00:50:02 In 1976, Professor Fred Hollows from the University of New South Wales began to push for an increase in Aboriginal eye care. Through the College of Ophthalmology he obtained a big Federal grant to look at Aboriginals across the whole of Australia. IJC volunteered his time and spent 6 weeks in the Kimberley. Professor Ida Mann had screened Aboriginal people in WA for trachoma and was very passionate about their health care. IJC also did screening and operations in Geraldton. IJC volunteers his time 1-2 weeks per year and the LEI is very supportive of this programme. Associate Professor Angus Turner has taken over this programme now and does a lot of rural surgery. Visiting Aboriginal communities has increased IJC’s interest and collection of Aboriginal art (including paintings by Paddy Bedford). 00:59:30 Aboriginal children are very long sighted and can read two lines below what most Caucasians can read. Aboriginal and African people hardly even suffer from retinal detachments. 01:01:38 Using mathematical analysis of big data will be the next big thing in eye research. Further research also needs to be done on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Technology is getting more advanced and easier to use. Computers are the way of the future. Drugs will become more effective but are very expensive. Medical economics will be more highly scrutinised and controlled in the future. In the early 80s, the Department only had one huge Hewlett Packard computer that was almost impossible to programme. Mounting debt due to the demands on public health care is already a huge problem in the Western world. The major market for medicine is in America. IJC would like to see Australia becoming as high tech as Sweden, Switzerland or Finland. 01:09:32 While IJG is still healthy he has no plans to retire from the Institute. He is proud of the reputation of the LEI. He knows people in WA and can assist them with fund raising so he still feels useful. IJC stepped down as Director in 2009 but is still a Professor. The present director is Professor David Mackie. 01:12:47 More than half of the students studying ophthalmology are now women. It is delicate work, it is possible to work part time and there are very few late nights or weekend work. 01:14:02 Track 3 IJC stepped down as Director of LEI in 2009. He feels research is a younger person’s game and that it is important to have renewal and an injection of new ideas and energy. Professor Mackie has different skills and has a different management style. From early on, IJC realised the importance of commercialisation in order to get the research flow onto the patients. $6 to $8 million dollars was raised to develop an artificial cornea. A company was formed and a development grant from the Federal Government gave them another $3 million to continue testing on animals and humans. It was given American Food and Drug Administration Approval. Artificial corneas were despatched from Perth all around the world. Unfortunately, the market was not as vast as expected. Eventually the project was sold to a company in New York and the LEI broken even. After two years the technology changed and the market collapsed. LEI were the third group in the world to develop an excimer laser with a solid state system. Money was raised to build them in Perth and they were sold in Hong Kong, Jakarta and India. It was floated on the Australian Stock Exchange and $10 million was raised. Trials were done in the USA and the $10 million was spent in two years. The stock market changed in Australia and the company closed down. The newest project is gene therapy and patents were made for that. A new company was started and it was listed on the US Stock Exchange. It has raised over US$300 million. Recent LEI glaucoma research has been licensed off to a group in the US in November 2015 for US$3 million. The American market is 60% of the value. Even in Europe, start-ups are very difficult to maintain. In 1976, IJC visited Singapore and other parts of Asia and demonstrated equipment during surgery with new equipment. Indonesia became a very important partner. Post-doctoral fellows from Indonesia trained in Perth for a year and do a research project before returning home and passing on their expertise. About 100 of these people have been trained and are now leaders in ophthalmology in their region. The head of the health service in Singapore was a LEI fellow. The Asian links are important. IJC was President of the Asian Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and this represents half the world’s population. In the 1980s and 1990s, he had several trips to India and China teaching the microscope, running courses and writing text books. Many Indonesian patients whose surgery was a bit more complicated came down to Perth for surgery. Every year a three day course is run in Bali which is attended by 500 ophthalmologists. IJC designed a cataract screening programme for Indonesia and successfully applied to the German government to fund it. Unfortunately the German and Indonesian governments could not agree on the accounting fundamentals so the money was withdrawn. One of LEI’s Indonesian fellows set up a chain of high quality eye hospitals in Indonesia. China is very big and it is already very advanced in eye care. IJC used to visit China for cataract training. China is now very high tech and has a good health system in the major cities. India is also changing quickly. In conclusion, IJC would like to thank the environment that the university has provided and values the independence that he has been afforded. End of Track 3 END OF INTERVIEW 2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ian Constable interview, 6 December 2015 and 9 December 2015 Subject The topic of the resource Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute) Description An account of the resource Professor Ian Constable AO trained in ophthalmology in New South Wales before being appointed as Clinical Retinal Fellow at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and a Lecturer at Harvard University. He is a consultant retinal surgeon at Royal Perth, Sir Charles Gairdner and Princess Margaret Hospitals and was Managing Director at LEI from 1983 to February 2009. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constable, Ian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ian Robinson Location The location of the interview University of Western Australia and Karawara, WA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 3 minutes, 18 seconds Interview 2:1 hour 22 minutes, 3 seconds Total: 2 hours, 25 minutes, 21 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:38 Track 2 00:00 Ian was born in West Midland, WA. His parents were of UK origin. His father’s side of the family farmed at Brookton. Ian’s father was very community minded and loved camping in the bush. He encouraged his children to progress. Ian enrolled in biomedical sciences at UWA but quit half way through and worked. He studied Philosophy part-time. 06:12 Ian enjoyed UWA – the sport and the social life and he joined the Evangelical Union. He loved learning but felt that the teaching could have been improved. He saw his future wife to be, Margaret, on his first day, going into the Octagon Theatre. He was at UWA from 1970 to 1975. He studied part-time in 1973 and qualified with a BA which included science units and English and Philosophy. Ian felt more suited to the Arts. In High School he was directed towards science and feels that it was more highly regarded. 12:34 The teaching between the science faculty and the arts faculty was very different. Ian worked as a clerk for the first half of his BA and then had saved enough money to study full-time. He had no idea what he wanted to do when he qualified. He had been a youth worker part-time in 1975 and got a job in Personnel (now known as Human Relations). He detested this job and felt that the work in no way tried to assist the well-being of the workers. 19:02 Ian’s next job was in IT which was interesting and creative. He wrote small programmes and witnessed the effect of computers on the workplace. Ian and a colleague wrote the first programme in Western Australia on MS DOS. The thinking training he had learned at UWA (particularly in Philosophy) helped in this role. He left this job to study Theology. 22:19 Ian had become a Christian in High School. His family were not religious. He had been Vice President of the Christian Union at UWA. He was dismayed that you were expected to be an atheist if you were a scientist or a philosopher. He had an epiphany while reading the bible at home one day and decided to enter the church. He went through a selection process to be accepted. He refused to attend the Theological College in Sydney. He wanted to go to a college overseas for perspective but it had to be a place with heart, a strong intellectual base and that taught the history of religion. In addition, he wanted some practical ministerial work. Ian studied at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford. He gained a Masters’ degree at Oxford. 31:00 He was at Oxford for three years and he and Margaret stayed in a little flat near the college. At the time, Oxford, along with Manchester University, was pioneering the use of computers to analyse biblical text. Ian enrolled in this course as well as a course in biblical archaeology at the Ashmolean Museum. He spent a summer in Israel. The course surpassed his expectations and he had to work extremely hard. It was a stimulating environment. The teaching staff was generally excellent but he was not so impressed with Maurice Frank Wiles the Regius Professor of Divinity. The range of students was broad in terms of age and origin. 36:42 The practical work involved helping to run a youth group in a village outside Oxford. In his second year, he visited a juvenille detention centre. Ian found some people were dismissive of people from the colonies. Margaret was working part-time and they lived off their savings and Margaret’s wages. She came to college for the evening meals. They made many lifelong friends here and enjoyed the theatre and trips into the countryside. 43:13 Ian was offered a job in Israel but returned to Australia at the end of 1980. He got a job at a Presbyterian Ministry working in a new public housing estate at Karawara (next to Curtin University). It had the highest density in the Perth metro. People accepted Ian but thought he knew nothing about life! He listened to them but didn’t try to change them. They did not have an actual church building. The church provided food parcels. This turned into Southcare and Second Harvest . The bulk of the refugees resident on the estate were from Chile. They worshipped at the Catholic Church. Aboriginal people had their own church too. 53:58 As a result of these experiences, Ian ran a Churches Among the Poor course which led to the formation of the WA Urban Mission Network which included 20 different churches. The churches among the poor called themselves CHAMP and used Wonder Woman as their symbol. There were very few female ministers. The Anglican Church did not have women ministers at this time. 57:33 Religious integrity must transcend church politics and traditions. The outreach is more important to Ian than the church structures. The churches are united in helping refugees and other groups and co-operate on projects. The Uniting Church led the Stolen Generation project. The Anglicans are good at housing, welfare and government policy as are the Catholics. The Pentecostal churches, Churches of Christ and Baptist Church connect better with the youth through music and sport. 62:40 Interview 2 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:34 Track 2 00:00 Started work as Uniting Chaplain at UWA on 1 May 2008. Trinity College at UWA was founded by the Uniting Church but is strictly secular. Ian works part-time. The Catholic chaplain, Father Armando Carandang, has recently retired. Rev Michael Wood is the Anglican chaplain. A Muslim chaplain, Sheikh Yahya Adel Ibrahim, has recently been appointed. UWA requires that the chaplains must have experience in pastoral care and able to work in an academic environment. This means that there is necessarily a generation gap. The chaplain must be appointed by their denomination but is expected to assist people across all faiths in the university. The majority of people who seek support are older students and staff. The church sees it as an opportunity to connect with the future leaders. In NSW and the ACT the Uniting Church has a more conspicuous presence on campus – often based in the colleges or housing. 06:44 The chaplains work in the Law Link Building. It is Ian’s 4th or 5th office in six years. Ian runs a website called Spiritual Life and the contact details for the chaplains are on the website. Chaplains network and attend events at UWA. Fifty years ago, they were more visible. The best office location for drop-ins was next to Student Services. The least number of drop-ins were when the office was located in the Guild building. Once Ian had a red café type tent that he would move around campus to be more visible. 12:06 People who seek Ian out talk mostly about health and relationship issues. The conversation is confidential and is not reported back to any authority. Many seek help with mentoring or starting NGO’s in the community. Some people are so intelligent that they cannot relate to others. Religious students report that some academics heap scorn on their particular religion. 18:08 There are several student religious support groups. The groups do not interact much with the chaplains. Several of the groups appear to be controlled by adults. The chaplains have a good working relationship and are mutually supportive. They have tried to get a Jewish chaplain appointed. They are all part-time because they have other responsibilities. UWA does not pay for any of the chaplains – they are paid by the churches. UWA provides office space and support. Sheikh Yahya Adel Ibrahim also works at Curtin University for a couple of days per week. 26:06 The only marketing is through the website which Ian runs. Each chaplain has their own page and links. Ian also runs a website that links into information on all sorts of information on religions. They have talked about doing more inter-faith events. They have also supported courses particularly those led by Professor Debra McDougall from Anthropology and Sociology. They need more funds to put on more of these. Ian wonders how you reach people who are not open to ideas. 32:54 The chaplains are not routinely consulted in times of incident such as September 11 (2001), the Bali Bombings (2002) and MH17 (2014). An academic suggested that the chaplains mark MH17 in some way to give people an outlet for their grief. Two people on the flight were coming to UWA and were to be residents of Trinity College. 35:55 Ian would like UWA to involve chaplains in pastoral care at all the university colleges. Also, it would be good to be funded so the chaplains could act quickly to support the students in whatever way they might feel would assist at the time. 39:33 Ian reports back to his manager at the Uniting Church but does not report back officially to UWA. Ian organised for a survey to ascertain the effectiveness of his chaplaincy. The online world has created its own unique challenges and problems. Ian has a Facebook and Twitter account but he needs champions among the students to spread the word. He also runs some Blog sites. The School for Indigenous Studies represents Aboriginal spiritual needs on campus. 47:46 Staff student ratios and relationships between staff and between staff and students have changed. Tuition fees have increased. Student friendships are different due to social media. Online learning means students spend less time on campus. There have always been global challenges. When Ian was a student there were concerns about the possibility of a nuclear war. Today’s media is more sensational and alarmist. Students are more cynical about information disseminated through the media. The Education Bill went through Parliament on 28 August 2014 but there were no protests. 54:56 The Anglican chaplain organises a day retreat for staff. He and Ian have worked together to take students on desert retreats but these are expensive. Ian takes adults on Spirit Journeys in the Deserts. It is not specifically for UWA but some academic staff has participated. A maximum of 16 people can attend. People enjoy the experience of community. It is non-religious and non-judgmental. Aboriginal people have also taken the trip. For most people it is a transformative experience and one that is very personal. The risks are managed by the leaders. 01:10:25 Ian does leadership training in community engagement with Christian people and churches. He is engaged in helping the church to move forward. He is highly involved with the Stolen Generations. Ian also works with Reconciliation WA which has recently been re-established. 01:19:19 Ian is very happy with his life and what he has achieved and would not change anything. 01:21:24 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/86abb5ac41eb5c02faa9a6e65c630713.mp3">Robinson_Ian, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/ea79d1bbe09b9da085a64246be6a75e8.mp3">Robinson_Ian, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/6e7a1ac0858cc9231780cd7645ae2eb2.mp3">Robinson_Ian, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/9093ec19a077c16c69b3f1472fb81cf5.mp3">Robinson_Ian, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7326e7a45079f31a822fce13d7781dff.mp3">Robinson_Ian, Interview 2, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ian Robinson interview, 21 August 2014 and 28 August 2014 Subject The topic of the resource Chaplaincy Description An account of the resource Ian Robinson has a passion to see people take a fresh look at Christian faith, walk the talk and connect deeply with God. He is known to be someone who gives honour to God. He has a capacity to identify the strengths in persons and programmes, think them through biblically, make them understandable to others, pass on the story and inspire action. He is also skilled in building networks and creativity in ministry. All these skills are made available to the church and community through the work of Tall Trees ReSource Inc. Makes You Wonder is only one of his passions. He has established several ministry groups – Southcare, Help Street Foundation, Spirit Journeys Australia, and the Australian Research Institute for Desert Spirituality. He has also authored/edited several manuals and books, including Praying the Gospel, Gossiping the Gospel, This Thirsty Heart, If Anyone Thirsts, New Beginnings, Stop Look and Listen, Streams in the Wasteland, Broke, and Growing an Everyday Faith.He has worked widely across Australia, New Zealand, several other nations and many language groups. As well as principal consultant for Tall Trees ReSource Inc, he is Uniting Chaplain at the University of Western Australia. He has held many ministry roles in church and community. He is at present co-convenor of Bringing Them Home Committee (WA) and was for eight years a member of the Uniting Church National Mission & Evangelism Network. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robinson, Ian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History