3 10 85 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed David Lindsay Location The location of the interview Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 50 minutes, 19 seconds Interview 2: 45 minutes, 5 seconds Interview 3: 44 minutes, 58 seconds Total: 2 hours, 20 minutes, 22 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 00:00:00 Introduction. David Lindsay NSW background information. Early studies. Gaining the position at University of Western Australia. Farming in Western Australia is not an easy task. Interaction between farmers and scientists. 00:07:08 Land clearing in 1965-6. Mandate of improving the reproductive rate of sheep. Glut of sheep in Western Australia in 1969. Science and farm problems. Funding. World reputation. Dairy farmer’s boy. Becoming a sheep person. Science has nothing to offer the sheep industry. Changes in attitude. 00:12:05 University and specialist wool degrees. Funding has diminished. Mining boom in WA. Importance of sheep in the economy of Australia. A dying industry. Recognized for work in the industry. 00:17:15 Changes in the wool industry. Interactions with people in the industry. Genetics and improvements. Hybrid corn. Improvements in dairy cattle. Plotting wool improvements since the 1940s. Hobby farm. 00:22:09 Industry hasn’t changed a lot. Reputation of University of Western Australia in the 1960s. Eric Underwood and Reg Moir. Moir’s instructions to Lindsay. In touch with students. Meeting former students. Impressions of Reg Moir. Moir’s influence on students. His exploding sheep. 00:35:01 Facilities available in the late 1960s. Memories of the south of Myers Street. George Munns gardener. Sheep grazing on the campus grounds. Western Australia a fantastic place for an agricultural scientist to practice work. University of Western Australia was a family thing. Clubs. Women and the era of equality. The wives club. Signing a contract to do a sabbatical. 00:43:49 Memories and benefits of sabbatical 1973. International relationships resulting from sabbatical. Dominique Blache and Pascal Poindron and the writing of book on Scientific Writing guide. Publications around. Interview 2 00:00:00 Further experiences at the isolated University. Alan Robson. Doing a good job on your own patch. Becoming internationally known, Reproduction in sheep at University of Western Australia more advanced than that known in medical field in humans. Experiments conducted on sheep. Scientific knowledge spans boundaries of other disciplines. Fees and quality of students. Degrees a privilege or a right. 00:06:27 Graduation and failure rates over the years. Postgraduates and undergraduates and time for thinking. The client or the student. Student attendance at lectures. Technology and the community of learning. 00:14:24 Thoughts of agriculture department at campus at McGillivray. Giving lectures and presenting information to students. SPOT tests. Popular lecturers. Delivering huge amounts of information. Lecture examples at the University of Glasgow. Reshaping lectures and the facilities available. Advancements in technology and power point and online lectures. The role of a lecturer. 00:25:16 Success of lectures. Example of Reg Moir and his lecture procedure. Memories of Reg’s teaching technique. Time for thought. Bureaucratising process of the University of Western Australia. Research and communication. Story of Reg Moir’s cow pat. 00:33:50 Old university and insightful research and achievements. Increasing the fertility of ewes and rams. Survival of lambs. Making a ewe into a mother. Experiments on Oxytocins in the sheep’s brain. Experiments in agriculture department and outcomes for the knowledge of human birthing. 00:41:01 Story of the escaped steer at University of Western Australia. Cowboys at the showgrounds rustle the steer. Interview 3 00:00:00 Mysterious bones found on the site works for human movement. Terrible burial practices. Arranging disposal of burial of animals at the tip. 00:04:40 Impressions of God Vice-Chancellors. Alan Robson Vice and Deputy Chancellor. The altering of the management of the university. The Catholic Church and the University still survive. Admissions committee TISC. The success of promotion and advertising of university. Quality of students. Competitive spirit and bidding for students. University of Western Australia's ranking in the Shanghai index. 00:14:25 University of Western Australia's position within Universities in the state. Amalgamation a great idea. Benefits of amalgamation of Departments of agriculture. Waste of resources for 5 universities in the population of Perth. The international student. Capitalising on the hunger of south East Asia. Intellectual property going overseas and the commercial nature of student intake. 00:21:15 Agricultural Hall of Fame. Discussion of the fodder shrub Tagasaste. Sir James McCusker. Tree lucerne and Martindale foundation. Experimentation and research into tagasaste. Popularity of tagasaste to cattle. 00:27:07 Chairing the Lindsay review of the quarantine system. Allowing some kind of control of the system. Fascinating involvements in quarantine. Foot and mouth and other diseases. Poultry and bird control and estimates. Recommendations made. User pays system. Usable system and changes to the system. Reviews to the Lindsay review. Government support. 00:35:05 Teaching others to write scientific papers. Becoming Dean. Importance of writing to scientists and science. Writing the book a Guide to Scientific Writing. French connection and INRA. Undertaking courses internationally. 00:40:21 Hugh Hardy and work for the benefit of rural and agricultural industry of WA. Hall of Fame. Tests for agriculture in Western Australia. WA burgeoning agriculturally. Looking back at time at University of Western Australia – linking agriculture to science. Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/e55b4658d02c2910cba8e7fe1a31100e.mp3">Lindsay_David, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/18f80bd398cd1172c0358fa830d8aacf.mp3">Lindsay_David, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7b8b572cb066d06e535ec246ac97662f.mp3">Lindsay_David, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource David Lindsay interview, 12 June 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Agriculture Description An account of the resource Emeritus Professor David Lindsay talks of his 33 year career as teacher and researcher at the University of Western Australia Department of Agriculture. He was also Dean of Agriculture and Professor of Animal Science. During the interview Lindsay discusses many aspects of his career in the area of agriculture and his work at the University of WA. He outlines the situation he faced on coming to Western Australia in 1968 and how he saw the state as a huge rural laboratory. He recalls numerous pioneering areas of animal, and plant research in which he was involved at the university that were of benefit other fields of study and the wider rural world community. Instrumental in leading research into the fodder shrub Tagasaste, his work has helped to rejuvenate thousands of hectares of infertile sands in the West Midlands. He speaks of the important people associated with the University and the Department of Agriculture. He talks of the sense of community and the staff/student relationship he experienced during his time at UWA outlining how he has seen this change over time. He looks at the interaction between universities in Perth and UWA’s rating on a national and world stage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lindsay, David Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Leonard Freedman Location The location of the interview Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 43 minutes, 51 seconds Interview 2: 49 minutes, 49 seconds Interview3: 41 minutes, 57 seconds Total: 2 hours, 15 minutes, 37 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1 00:00:00 Background information: born in Cape Town South Africa. Samuel Freedman and Diamond. Becoming involved in an academic career. Schooling and Medical DSE. Majoring in Zoology and Microbiology. Joining the army. Coming back to start a career in academic field. John Robinson and higher degree. PhD on Baboons and work in microbiology. Raymond Dot and work in anatomy. 00:07:40 Leaving South Africa. Coming to Australia and work at Sydney University. John Robinson and the University of Wisconsin. Path of coming to UWA in 1970. David Allbrook and Human Biology and University of Western Australia. Perth as an isolated part of the world. Being allowed to design a course in Human Biology. 00:15:47 Outlining the course at UWA. The biology of man outlines everything that he does. Anatomy, genetics and the world in general. Teaching Human Biology course for 90 students and others from other departments 1000 students. 00:19:37 Impressions of the University and personal concerns and interests. Departmental responsibilities and designing the course. Facilities available. The support of David Allbrook. Tom Olivier the first Geneticist. Designing the Human Biology course and memories of experiences in America. Problems in the physical world and the environment. The impressions of the department Allbrook, Bill Bloomer and specialists from outside the department. Harold Baggett. Win Upperten, Nick Batalin and Serge Alexiov. 00:27:16 Small department and work done by specialists from the town. No ambition. Wanting to do research. The increase in knowledge in the world. Physical Anthropology and Human Biology. Explaining evolution. Race and biology. Broaden the course. 00:34:16 The process of changing the name of the course. Department of Anatomy and Human Biology. Management and changes in department. The God Professor system. Students and faculties in isolation. Connection with other departments in the 1970s. Technologies and ideas. Interactions with department the wider community. Failure of course ideas. 00:40:40 Individuals and interactions. Interdisciplinary and interactions outside the university. Working with the museum. Memories of the community of UWA. Dr David Ride and the importance of Human Biology within the school system. Interview 2 00:00:00 The dynamic course. General and academic and world events of importance. The importance of keeping the interaction of the human condition. Neville Bruce and interactive human studies. Open University of Australia and the internet. Memories of Martyn Webb head of geography the only professor without a PhD. Reg Appleyard and Mike Alpers 00:06:42 The god professor system. Each person has their own little empire. Academic community. Valuable inputs from outside the university. Charles Watson and Ken Colbung. Memories of Ken Colbung lecturing at the university. Ken contributes to the course with personal experiences. aboriginal concerns within the Australian culture. Reaction of the students and Ken’s teaching and contribution. 00:14:14 The students make the department popular. The popularity of the course to students outside the department. The growth of the course and confidence in the future. Drew Nesdale, Laksiri Jayasuriya, Sylvia Hallam, Mike Hobbs, Wolfe Segal, Neville Stanley are important to the department. Humankind Retrospect and Prospect – Leonard Freedman. Students must look laterally outside their narrow field. 00:18:10 Importance of Sabbatical leave. Recollections and Reflections - Three part biography. A spiritual aspect to the course. Personal thoughts toward spiritual aspects of human evolution. No trouble about religion. Discussion of the course outline and timetable. Interaction with the students. Tutors and mini lectures. Human beings and society. 00:26:30 Diverse range of topics outlined in the course. Personal belief of students. Introducing students to students and spoon feeding them. Changes in the course outlined. Technology and balance in the course. The department and course as a growing entity. 00:30:50 Support for the department and Alan Robson. Unable to say things to please people. Seeing the university change. Dean of the Science Faculty. Why changes took place and lack of money in the budget. Synergistic courses and teaching and research. Diverse subjects and people from different fields. Remembering research and teaching. Baboons and Bandicoots. Working in diverse areas of research. 00:38:31 Working on people of New Guinea. Interest in the movement of the shoulder joints. Enjoying research. Early aboriginal skull and migrations that populate Australia. UWA’s place in the word in relation to the department. The Naked Ape and Desmond Morris. Reaching people through popular writing. 00:46:10 Richard Dawkins and the Selfish Gene. Getting a message across to the public. Impressions of Dawkins. The accumulation of knowledge and man understanding of God. The use of God to order society. Faith, science, evidence. Faith doing more harm than good. A part of history. Interview 3 00:00:00 Research and honing the course of Human Biology. The importance of the study of Human Genetics. Head of school 1975-80 and interest in varied research. Evolution of the Hominid toolmaking hand and forearm. David Allbrook. Anthropometric study of WA School Children. Writing on the Thylacine – Odontometric study of the species Thylacoleo. Humankind Retrospect and Prospect. Morphology an Physiology of the Metatheria. Book about Australian marsupials. Ilene Finch. Being in the right place at the right time. 00:06:43 Women and Men... and the study of Homosexuality. Explaining the diversity of human sexuality. The Sex Determination of Aboriginal Cranium. Interactions and comparisons with worldwide human movement. Movements from South East - Asia and China. A new check list of fossil Cercopithacoidea – South Africa. 00:12:40 Writing for technical purposes. Describing the course in public journals. The importance of schools and university interacting. Human Biology in school. Localities in South Africa where fossil remains of Baboons have been recovered. Single incisor tooth from Devil’s Lair in Western Australia. Cranial and Mandibles from Broad Beach in South East Queensland. An early site of aboriginal population. 00:15:55 Relative growth rates of the muscle of the Diprotodont Marsupial. Lance Twomey and Curtin University. Working on projects. Marsupials and their unique movements. Urinating dogs and the study of the abductor muscles in the dog’s lower limbs. Suggesting projects for people as they need them. Studying the Middle Ear Ossicles of the Australian Aborigines. Not planning life. 00:19:50 Writings - Evolution and human behaviour – The Sexual Orientation... The Human Evolutionary Enigma. A workman in the biological field. Accepting students. Being awarded for work. The importance of technical people. Feelings toward being awarded. Honorary Fellow. Seeing the changes at the university. The evolving course of Human Biology. 00:24:59 Sad feelings toward the university of today. Dedication to work versus financial reward. The god professor system has changed. Bureaucratisation of the university. The current status of UWA. Isolated university and the current competition. Humankind Retrospect and Prospect. Optimism of humankind. Appreciating the achievements of man. 00:33:03 Rapid technological change and the growth of the human brain. Origins and the evolution of the human brain. Description of the painting in the department of Human Biology. Final words and summaries for the future. Optimism. Evolution moves slowly. Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d69bfbbf955dc2f9720d488c1020b554.mp3">Freedman, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/c278976c9824e3fac9a07e4286493ad0.mp3">Freedman, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/7dcad4e7ed1485813fb3c2f6af47d6cf.mp3">Freedman, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leonard Freedman interview, 24 August 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Anatomy and human biology Description An account of the resource This is an interview with Professor Leonard Freedman former head of Human Biology 1975-80. Professor Leonard Freedman was born in Cape Town South Africa and developed an interest in Zoology as a child. At University Freedman majored in Zoology and Microbiology. After working in America and Sydney, Freedman came to UWA in 1970 and with the support of David Allbrook designed the course that would become Anatomy and Human Biology. During the interview he discusses his desire to design a course that encompassed a wide study of the human animal. He was keen to incorporate varied important cultural as well as biological aspects to the course. He looks at the position of the department and at the interaction of other departments at UWA, outlining the popularity of the course at the university, giving credit to the quality of the students who have given it life. He discusses his impressions of the isolated university of 1970 and speaks of how he has seen it grow competing today with the best universities in the world. He looks at the department of Anatomy and Human Biology and discusses the success of the course and how it stands within the national and international academic community. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freedman, Leonard Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed John Papadimitriou Location The location of the interview Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 53 minutes, 53 seconds Interview 2: 51 minutes, 31 seconds Interview 3: 30 minutes, 50 seconds Total: 2 hours, 16 minutes, 14 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Introduction and background information. Coming to Australia the best place to go. Kalgoorlie and the finding of gold. Schooling and secondary school education. Intrigued how living things must obey the laws of chemistry and physics. Medicine. Scholarship. Stimulated by Bayliss and Waring. Neville Oscar Professor of Classics. University and the beautiful surroundings. 00:05:42 Couldn’t afford St George’s College or Thomas More. Staying at the men’s hostel. Glen Store, Hugh Tyndale Biscoe, Bill Barker, Nell Mare. The sense of community. Ron Hutchins on ethics and morals. Ted O’Keefe. People from different disciples interacted. Sitting on the lawns and discussing issues at meals in the refectory. Michael Small ancient Greek scholar lives next door. 00:10:40 At the University 9-5 absorbing what the other disciplines have to offer. Easy to mix with other faculties. Great learning atmosphere. People stimulate young eager minds. Privileged to be at university. 1956 could not stay in WA. Collection of money from the local area for the building of the medical school. Fred Maslen. Eager support from the community. People want for a medical school. Great reputation of the university in the community. Mature age students. 00:16:19 Experience of going to Adelaide: a formal place, run on Germanic lines. Discipline at the University of Adelaide. Professor Abbey. Sir Stanton Hicks. Mark Mitchell. Peter Nostell was the trigger to go into research. 00:20:50 Welcomed back from Adelaide as prodigal sons and daughters. People wanted to teach students in the teaching wards. Pathology starts to impress. The clinicians and the wards at the Royal Perth Hospital. Memories of the Royal Perth Hospital experience. Clinical expositor to the students. Students assist with surgical procedures. Memories of the Thoractomy. Numbers affect the teaching of students. Ian Thorburn who worked unpaid. 00:27:50 Memories of Eric Saint, Dick Lefroy and Hurst. Cecil Lewis bends six inch nails and tears telephone books. Gwyn Brockis. Theories of playing music in the surgery. The patients of the professor. Memories of Rolf Ten Seldam. John Little and Max Walters. Max was a bridge between staff and students. 00:33:40 Connection between staff and students. The culture that existed at UWA. Microbiology and Neville Stanley. Rolf ten Seldam and introduction to electron microscopy. Playing around with viruses. Research studies crystallize. 00:37:30 Reovirus 3 and Neville Stanley. Playing cricket with Neville Stanley. Community and camaraderie. Graduating in 1962 with distinction prize in pathology. Surgical skills. Alec Dawkins and orthopaedics. Thesis 1969 Neuro infection with Reovirus 3. Explanation of the action of the Reovirus. Insights into the way virus infect tissues. Published in the American Journal of Pathology. 00:43:41 Children and the Reovirus infection and insight into the human condition. Electron microscopy, histochemistry , enzymology developing in the 1960s. 00:44:55 Research fellow in 1964. Research assistance. Securing national health grants. CJ Martin Fellowship overseas. Experiences of travel and the Fellowship experience. Knowledge gleaned from travel and conferences. Numbers were small. Reputation of UWA nationally. Medical school developing reputation in Medicine, Surgery and Pathology and microbiology. Biochemistry and Ivan Oliver. Liver development. George Yeoh and the damaged liver. Established research programs. Allan Morgan achieves a CJ Martin Scholarship. Stanley and others were supported by NHMRC grants being awarded to people only ten years after the school opened. Competing favourably with the rest of Australia. 00:50:35 Personal career development. Keen interest in research. Overseas experience at the Rijk University in Leiden. Chemist Van Duyne. Chemistry at a cellular level was very reliable. Freiberg and Professor San Ritter. Studying the rejuvenation of body tissue to injury. Liking the approach in England and Holland. Track 2 00:00:00 Return home in 1971, teaching facilities compared to overseas. Research facilities not up to scratch at UWA. Pathology department in Perth. Support from UWA and NH&MRC. Electron microscopes installed – research facilities pick up. Getting trained international quality people. Instilling German principles. Increase in facilities. Good time for resources. Research programmes. How the body heals self. 00:06:00 Looking at diseased tissues. Building up research facilities and techniques in the diagnostic area in WA. Concerns. Applying international principles. Histochemical and ultra-structural techniques. Dawkins brings expertise to WA. Kakulas brings international attention. Growth of Neurological depts. Royal Perth QE2. Parochial view and the growth of international focus – international conferences. Academic community in WA in 1971. Hong Kong and national attention. 00:12:30 Senior lecturer in 1971. Changes. Instilling information and the question mind. Small classes and personal connection. The human element. Connection between staff and student. Technology and the numbers of students. Sustainable learning. Being inspired by a human or a Mac computer or online site. Virtual online course. Blend of technology and human interaction. 00:16:25 Community and geography and interaction with the medical school. Drawbacks and the campus versus medical school relationship. Development of the training hospitals. Max Walters fuses resources into one huge department. Envy of other departments on campus and nationally. Pathology a much more productive department. Loss of resource and people weakens effort achieved. 00:20:36 Support from national and medical research council, UWA and health grants resource and encouragement in the 1970s. Positions scientific and academic for research and teaching. Support diminishes during the 1980s and 1990s. John Dawkins’ policy. Memories of the John Dawkins era. Becoming a business and getting funds. Inheriting problematic situations. Bureaucratic demands of business models. Strengthening and weakening the departments. Department at the coal face of teaching drawing students to the department. Failing to hook talented graduates. 00:25:25 Aims of personal teaching. Concepts of disease – fine details. A paradigm of what disease is all about. Molecular biology. Evolution of disease. Formulating hypotheses. Past students experiment as practitioners. Advice. The social aspect of UWA academics. Cohesion disappears. Emails and achievements. Body language and communication. 00:31:15 Associate Professor. The devaluation of position today. Firing enthusiasm of medicine and science and research. Students seduced by money. Enthusiastic students. Research funding tougher to find. The Telethon Foundation, National Heart Foundation, Cancer Council that support. Committee and research funding. 00:36:40 Strategic partnership with industry and research training schemes. National resources and collaboration with other departments. Engineering. Anakusal. International people are attracted. Moshe Wolmen. Professor Spector, Willerby, Kakulas. Lazarides, Skellor. Impressed by the potential. Improving as a result of visits by the leading lights. Imaging unit fluorescent cell sorter. 00:42:42 Money and personnel is a constant problem. Development of technology. Physical sciences and biological sciences. Outbreak of SARS and discovery of other virus. Technical expertise lost. Costs of equipment. 00:45:11 Medical illustrations unit. Gem of the medical school. Harry Ubencis. Images produced for study and informative. Development of personal career. Chair in pathology. Resources and theoretical approaches to research. Eyes of Australia and molecular biology. John Mattick contributes to study. Molecular analysis of disease. Need physicists to be involved more. Track 3 00:00:00 Internationalisation of UWA. Exchange students in Sun Yet Sen University in China. Chinese and Australia connections. Reputation of Australia and UWA. Reputation and the international standing. International standing international students. Alan Robson and Paul Johnson. Collaboration. 00:06:00 Imitate and emulate the better universities. The universe and Particle physics and modern biology. Biology at the forefront at University. Developments. Major discoveries and the last frontier. Understand the hard nuts of research. Marshall and Warren and the problems associated with contracts. The flexibility of failure. Examples of Nobel prize war and emigration. 00:10:14 Development of career – becoming head of department. Work and scientific aspects. Opportunity to experiment. Deputy Chairman of the Australian research centre of medical engineering. Detecting and killing brain tumours experimentation. Money and funding and support. Involved on committees. Experiences of the Lotteries Commission. 00:15:00 Academic committees and the current scholastic situation. Insight from the PhD committee. UWA PhD students compare favourably with world standards. Positive signs for the university. Improvements and catching up. W.A. will gain as will UWA. Maintaining a strong academic research focus. Bureaucratisation and positive directions. Administration and leading. 00:20:22 Personal involvements in community organisations. The St John Ambulance Brigade. Member of the ethics committee of the Coroner’s Court of WA. Teaching the community and learning from St John Ambulance Brigade. Tony Kierath. Hypocrates plane tree. Community’s response to UWA. People come to UWA festival. Culture and the arts. 00:23:12 Boorhave Research professor. The Perth group and the HIV sceptic group in Perth WA. Asking questions about HIV. Rethinking theories and strengthening approach. Going back to study Ancient History in UWA. Brian Bosworth, John Jory, Mervyn Austin. Insight into historians minds. John Melville Jones. Looking back and looking forward. Talent and resource and the Singapore University example. Excitement of University study and career. The history of Pathology in 50 units. 00:30:50 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/df9eeea1b796816f16e5d619dd199faf.mp3">Papadimitriou, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/eee2b2bb017f9a67bbfacc10e2f75a6c.mp3">Papadimitriou, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4206584a6f4c8b643c3b3a8ab402607d.mp3">Papadimitriou, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Papadimitriou interview, 8 February 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Pathology Description An account of the resource Emeritus Professor John Papadimitriou speaks of his extensive career at UWA and his interest in scientific research in the field of pathology. John was Head of the Department of Pathology for two terms in 1978 and 1982. He was a student at the university, graduating with a distinction in medicine and surgery in 1962. He completed an MD in 1969 and PhD in 1976 and received a prestigious CJ Martin travelling fellowship. During the interview John talks of his varied connections at UWA firstly as a student in the 1960s, as a member of staff and as a student again in the 1980s. He completed a BA in ancient Greek and Roman history in 1982. By discussing the changes that he has seen at the university Papadimitriou gives a clear understanding of the University’s change in focus and direction and its reputation on a world scale. With a career that has seen him work in England, Europe and China, he is able to compare the university’s growth and facilities with other academic institutions around the world. He speaks of the QEII Hospital and the research programmes that have developed at the training facility. He discusses the past support for research that he has experienced and seen change over the years and talks of his hopes for ongoing support for research in WA. John Papadimitriou outlines some of his work in pathology research including his work with Reovirus 3 and work with the Research Centre for Medical Engineering. He also talks of some of the many prominent people he has worked with over the course of his career. John has been involved with many community boards and academic and research committees. He was awarded an Order of Australia Medal for his services to medical research and the community. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Papadimitriou, John Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Peter Norgard Location The location of the interview Subiaco, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 33 minutes, 28 seconds Interview 2: 50 minutes, 14 seconds Total: 1 hour, 23 minutes, 42 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1: Wednesday 12 June 2013 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:37 Track 2 00:00 1958 – Peter is aged 17. Applies for job at UWA. Had junior certificate. Was employed by Telematic Developments – worked on inter communication and recording devices. 01:28 Saw advertisement for lab assistant in Department of Engineering. Called in for interview. A queue of about 10 people waiting to be interviewed. Interviewed by Reader, Keith Taplin. 02:40 Behind him was a large clock. Clunked every 30 seconds. It was a Master Clock. 03:30 Handed to Mr Howard Bundell who took him around the labs. In the workshop he was asked to use a brand new drill to drill a hole in brass. Peter passed the test as he asked to blunt the drill. 04:52 Duly offered the job, had a compulsory X-ray to show he was TB free. Started the job just after Easter in 1958 05:18 Track 3 00:00 Original department of engineering was near Shenton House and the dairy was used to house a compressor. Civil, Mechanical and Electrical engineering were all together and housed in buildings that had been used by the US army in the second world war to house the Catalina flying boats. 01:19 Peter’s job was to put out the lab equipment. Lectures were in the morning and labs in the afternoon. The labs used machines that were once used in industry. 02:20 The DC machines came from the Collie coal mines. They were full of coal dust. 02:51 Afternoon tea was taken in the lab and staff and students sat down together while Peter made preparations for the next part of the lab experiments. 03:21 The DC current which was used to power the machines was a generator which came from the Waroona milk factory. They donated it to the university went they went over to AC current. Peter believes the generator is still housed in the basement of the new department of electrical engineering near Fairway. 03:04 Track 4 00:00 Peter was treated very well by staff and students. Being the young apprentice he had the menial jobs and tricks played on him 01:04 In his previous job Peter worked at various jobs around town and was not treated that way. People thought it was a ‘black art’. It was a dramatic change to work at UWA where the students were the same age as him. He even knew some of them. 01:41 He joined the Engineers Club and initiated along with all the other first year engineers. 02:02 A wonderful atmosphere – no distinct divide between staff and students. Small student numbers: 9-13. 02:42 The first female electrical engineering students would have joined in the mid-70s. There was no barrier, it just didn’t happen. Women have proved very good at design work. 03:40 The female staff was mainly clerical and administrative. In the 1970s, female lecturing academics joined 04:09 The department has grown hugely. Peter knew about valves and then the semi-conductor was brought into production (a transistor). It rocked his knowledge to the foundations 05:15 The university degree course was more academic but in the early days the practical side was stressed. Students had to spend 3 months of their final year in industry. 06:28 Engineering students had to know a little bit about civil, mechanical and electrical in order to be able to work with each other. Today there are much more specialised. The recent mining boom has put a lot more emphasis on practical skills again. 07:31 Track 5 00:00 Peter had to work for other departments. They would pool equipment or machinery. One of Peter’s early jobs was to do the amplification in halls and lecture theatres which didn’t have built in sound systems. 00:54 Peter had to lower down high quality RCA microphones through the ceiling of Winthrop Hall to record symphony concerts. 01:31 It also included functions all over the university inside and outside. There was a sound shell at the Somerville Auditorium. Peter had to climb up the very tall pine trees to put up directional microphones or loud speakers 02:43 George Munns the groundsman was in charge of the grounds and did not appreciate Peter driving his Morris Minor full of sound equipment over his pristine lawns. 03:33 There are still sand buckets in the roof of the old Chemistry Building to put out incendiary bombs during WW2. They were also in the top of Winthrop Hall. 04:20 The new Arts Building had its own built in sound system. From the 1970s there was no need to take equipment into the lecture theatres to record sound. 05:33 Peter was asked to set up the sound for when PM Menzies delivered a talk in the old Ref Building at the official opening. Peter recorded the audio for the UWA archives. At the finish of the lecture the Commonwealth Police confiscated the tape to check it was all bona fide. 07:10 Track 6 00:00 Peter also recorded the occasion of the Royal Visit on 25 March 1963 in Winthrop Hall. Security was all vetted before the visit, including background checks on Peter himself. 01:43 Peter was concentrating so hard on making sure that the quality of the audio was good, that he does not remember the content of the Queen’s speech! 02:37 Another occasion was a graduation ceremony in Winthrop Hall. Sir Alex Reid was addressing the gathering. He kept moving the mike to one side of the lectern. Keith Taplin insisted that Peter walk down the aisle in the middle of the ceremony and move the microphone. He had to do this three times during the ceremony! 04:08 The tapes were large 12 inch studio quality reels. The tapes came from Atkins Carlyle who was the representatives for Phillips. The microphones were American – Shaw Brothers. The RCA microphone was like a sausage and was suspended from the ceiling at Winthrop Hall. 06:13 Track 7 00:00 The department used to put on exhibitions to the public and prospective students. The engineering exhibition was a big affair and they tried to have a spectacle and a theme. One year Peter made a large Tesla coil 6 feet x 18 inches. He got to draw out a large electrical arc. 02:14 Children were given 30 watt fluorescent tubes to carry around. These lit up as they approached the tesla coil. 02:40 Later in the evening, a PMG detection van turned up because the tesla coil was causing chaos to the television reception in Nedlands! 03:10 Interview 2: Wednesday 26 June 2013 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:40 Track 2 00:00 Interaction with students. Initiation into Engineering in the old Broadway Picture Theatre 01:08 Socials held in Winthrop Hall – before the organ was installed. The Engineers Ball was held here each year. Also graduation ceremonies. 02:49 The Undercroft was used for bbqs and social gatherings. At one stage it was not enclosed. 03:20 The intake of overseas students caused a shift in culture, food styles and social activities. 04:00 No liquor outlets on campus. Alcohol was banned from the campus but the students managed to get around this! 04:30 Pranks in graduation ceremony when sheep were driven in. Students made ghostly noises through the glass in Winthrop Hall. 06:09 Cacti garden in Engineering Garden turned into “Cacti Nicotini” garden. 07:28 Stolen road roller caused damage and ended up crashed into the Reflection Pool. 08:22 Rivalry between engineers and lawyers. The tug of war. 11:00 The bath tub race on the Swan River was very popular but upset the Swan River Trust when bath tubs sank in the river. 13:26 PROSH is another student tradition. It used to take the form of a parade through Perth. 15:09 The medical students took materials from Robbs Jetty and threw that around. The Engineering truck threw water melons. Peter rode an eccentric wheeled bicycle. One time a medical student hit Peter on his German helmet with a cow bone and knocked him out. 19:28 Track 3 00:00 The rural aspect of the campus. It was smaller. Many buildings from WW2. Sheep kept in an enclosure near Shenton House. Along Fairway there was bush and cows. The groundsmen had a stable for their work horse. Rabbits were a huge problem. 03:12 One of Peter’s jobs was to set non-lethal possum traps. They would be released but would find their way back. 03:56 In later years the peacocks were introduced. They would fly around campus and interrupt ceremonies with their loud calls. 05:11 The Engineering building took over most of the bush between James Oval and Fairway. Demand for electricity on campus meant that a substation had to be built on campus. 06:00 Gradually the campus became built up and the bushland disappeared. 06:30 There were workshops situated on the southern end of campus – carpenters, electricians, plumbers, painters, and a sign writer. The university used to be able to maintain itself. 09:27 Track 4 00:00 Research included trying to solve problems such as global warming and pollution and solution such as electric powered motor vehicles, solar cells and wind turbines. 02:42 UWA helped the Museum of WA with their 1910 Brougham electric motor vehicle 03:41 An experimental electric motor was also fitted on a mini van especially with regard to improving the efficiency of acceleration and braking. This project was led by Dr Leary in the mid-1970s. 04:45 These experiments are continuing today with a Lotus sports car 05:59 The department has done experimentation with solar cells that were on the roof to test for efficiency. This project was led by John Livingstone. 06:46 Vertical wind turbines were another project. They were made in the workshops and installed at the switch yard terminals at Ballajura. It was later moved to Buckland Hill and was there until the tail end of a cyclone destroyed it. The horizontal wind turbine has proved to be a better design. 09:31 Track 5 00:00 When Peter first came to UWA the department were working on a project to design and build a computer to assist with the simulation of distribution of power in the south west. Howard Bundell and Duncan Steven christened it TAC (Transformer Analogue Computer). The three banks of equipment were as big as a bedroom wardrobe. 02:22 Vacuum tubes were used then semi-conductors. Then printed circuits made possible the reduction in size of electronic equipment. Lasers became very useful in nearly every field. 03:29 Calculators were very simplistic in the early days. The first electronic calculator could only display 3 digits at a time. 04:45 Robotic machinery has become very useful now. All these technological changes have taken place since Peter started work at UWA. 05:35 UWA had a lot of interaction with universities in Australia and around the world. For a small university it has a good reputation in this field. 07:08 Track 6 00:00 Retirement in 2007. The retirement booklet with photos of all the staff many holding banners saying “Happy Retirement”. James Wong in the computer section did the cartoons. 02:10 Feels very lucky to have spent his life at UWA. He thought of leaving for a better job with more money several times but the work, the people and the environment at UWA were too good to leave. Towards the end, bureaucracy was starting to creep in and this was a little bit frustrating. 03:25 It was a very social department at times. Peter considers Yianni Attikouzel to have been a very good head of department. 05:11 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/33b0f8136cd5333d71799bd07db40bd7.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/68bfb800285a4102a3e2a1697ac45d9f.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b25145d5428664de7097aad7e6d41c09.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/c80d053d35a1ea702cd84c167f6848b4.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/97d346c6b0a3f275dedb356a9bb12a58.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/da865b42acd3e4ab3b8b64963eab8198.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 6</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8a5d094a931b7a6341398cd4f065b17f.mp3">Norgard, Interview 1, Track 7</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/136fbec2e91208d8ac39f38015577e2e.mp3">Norgard, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/937ceea5ab333f571e97a7145ec48656.mp3">Norgard, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b452634556b34ef93840392de4de1343.mp3">Norgard, Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/e3a12bd9e2cdd6d322fced5bf26a768a.mp3">Norgard, Interview 2, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f4285b8bdfd04e64eadaf0440f316ce9.mp3">Norgard, Interview 2, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/0566798eb9744440605fe13b70a1d042.mp3">Norgard, Interview 2, Track 6</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peter Norgard interview, 12 June 2013 and 26 June 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Electrical Engineering Description An account of the resource This is an interview with Peter Norgard, recorded on 12 and 26 June 2013. Peter Norgard worked as a Technical Officer in Electrical Engineering from 1958 to 2007. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Norgard, Peter Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Lance Maschmedt Location The location of the interview Nedlands, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 55 minutes, 53 seconds Interview 2: 41 minutes, 50 seconds Interview 3: 1 hour, 2 minutes, 35 seconds Total: 2 hours, 40 minutes, 18 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Born 21 April 1947. Memories of Perth flags and flowers in the air. Family. Como South Perth. Schooling at Kent Street High School. Starting to work at UWA 1965, memories of initial pay. 00:06:50 Interest in science. Coming to the University since the age of 8. Early University Open Days. Sid Arnold and his glass blowing demonstration. The Tesla coil. Antagonist to Edison. Science experimentation. Believe in stimulating the youth of Australia. Memories of the Chancellor Award. Honorary fellow. 00:14:15 Aspirations for academia. Relying on own ability. Furthering education. Career interests and personal decisions. Interest in science and getting a job at UWA in the Physics Department. Tony Platt rejects application. Convincing Tony Platt to reconsider. Memories of Tony Platt. Wray Wright. 00:21:26 Keen and enthusiastic to get to work at UWA. Early duties at the University. Strong segregation between academics and technical staff. The team at Physics dept. Memories of Geoff Marsh and Wray Wright. 00:28:10 Defining a university. Mentioning negatives at the university. Levels of education and staff cuts. Quality of education and fees. Contracts and the loyalties to the job. Impressions of the school and the department. The quality and standard of excellence. Interesting part of the job. 00:34:15 The pleasing aspect of scientific demonstrations. The importance of making impressions. The wealth in scientific toys. Lecturers of quality. Recollections of the atmosphere of the department when the students were in attendance. Funding. 00:38:54 Fun experiences of Dr Greenhalgh. The rapport between staff and students. Bob Stanford and medical physics course. 00:46:50 The popularity of lectures and technology. The downside of the digital era. DVD courses. The impressions of the grounds and the university. Memories of the Somerville Auditorium and George White. Winthrop Hall. Track 2 00:00:00 Centenary work for UWA. Personal stories of special pride in Winthrop Hall. School of music. Memories of Dave Greenhalgh. Organising Dave’s show and lecture demonstrations. Academic staff attitudes. Dave Greenhalgh and viewing the planet Venus in broad daylight. 00:11:54 Performance of lectures lost. Rapport with staff and students. Spot surveys. Dave Greenhalgh. Discipline of physics and the lecture technology and performance. 00:18:55 The revolution of the closed circuit TV. Development of the macro TV system. The rectal temperature of the pregnant cockroach. Memories of the televising of the landing on the moon. 00:24:55 Closed circuit colour TV. Value of the demonstration. The Black and White minstrel show. 00:29:02 Physics Department’s standing throughout Australia and around the world. Memories of John Robbins. Writing of the history of the department. Memories of John Swan. 00:37:34 Personal thoughts and keenness to learn. Stories of personal learning at UWA. Anatomy lecture and memories of an aggressive snake. Track 3 00:00:00 Learning at your place of work. The roof of the Physics building. The transit of Venus. A social practice at the Friday night rooftop symposium. Interaction and the sharing of knowledge. The hail storm of 2010. 00:08:30 Alan Robson. The destruction of Winthrop Hall. Graduations affected by the storm. The community spirit of University. Memories of the destruction. 00:12:59 The power of nature. Ian McArthur. Good and bad heads of department. Reporting on the school. Memories of Julius Sumner Miller. 1982 visit to the building. Memories of Dick Beilby. 00:23:20 Television and Dick Beilby. Memories of John Budge (‘Budgie’), a technical officer. Personal philosophy. Workshops and the core points of the outreach programs. Stimulating children to think laterally about the wonder of the world around them. 00:32:00 Speaking to all people at the public facility of UWA. Thoughts and memories of the University open day. Alan Robson and his hopes for the university. Current place of the university on a world Academic standing. 00:37:00 Memories of Alan Gorham. The peacocks and the New Fortune Theatre. 00:42:25 Benefits of working at the University. Negatives focus on career direction. Human Resources and staff recognition. Support of staff like Ian McArthur, Bob Stanford and others for his work. 00:49:22 Memories of the Gough Whitlam era. Talking about the workshop and the research facility at the Physics Department at UWA. The precision mechanical workshop. Research projects. 00:52:58 Jim Williams and the Atom Lab. Biophysics and Tim St Pierre and non-invasive diagnosis of Iron in the liver. Bill Macklin and the hail stone lab and the wind tunnel lab. Collecting and dissecting hailstones. Researching develops. 00:58:00 Retirement and awards for work and teaching learning excellence. Carrick Institute Award and Chancellors’ Award. Honorary Fellow. Personal commitment to work for free. Overall experience of pride working at UWA. 01:02:26 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/54ea389677698c683f51b5eb434ed51c.mp3">Maschmedt, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d7e9f95ff075c5eadc41d38f47fcfb7e.mp3">Maschmedt, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4b6018717ebee8cb098ccd5bda502f63.mp3">Maschmedt, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lance Maschmedt interview, 15 August 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Physics Description An account of the resource Lance Maschmedt has worked as a Technician in the School of Physics at the University of Western Australia since 1965. He talks of his enthusiasm and keenness to work at the university following his schooling and of his feelings on coming to work at the university. He shares his opinion on how the university has changed in the last five decades and gives many passionate views on the operation and future direction of the University as he sees it today. His enthusiasm for his work is infectious and he has been keen to help several generations of students and staff. Included in the interview are his recollections of influential individuals from the department such as Professor Ian McArthur, Dave Greenhalgh, Bob Stanford and John Budge. He has been involved in conducting workshops and outreach programs along side his work as a Chief Technician at the Undergraduate School of Physics at the University. Lance has been honoured for his work at the University holding an Honorary Fellowship, Carrick Institute Award and Chancellor’s Medal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maschmedt, Lance Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Keith Punch Location The location of the interview Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 46 minutes, 48 seconds Interview 2: 20 minutes, 12 minutes Interview 3: 54 minutes, 44 seconds Total: 2 hours, 1 minute, 44 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Early schooling Perth Modern School and initial impressions of UWA. 1960 and the Arts degree. Studying languages. Introduction to UWA from cricket involvement and success. University Cricket Club team of the century. 00:08:30 Initial impressions of the University in the late 1950s. No induction. Bewildering experiences. Memories of early university days. 00:11:40 Community of learning. Cricket. Memories of the removal of cricket from the university on James Oval. Memories of the social life, cross-fertilisation and socialisation. Direction for career. Bonded to the Education Department. Memories of the WACA and the French Club. Terminating honours in French. Memories of a salutary experience. 00:17:50 Learning lessons from Bert Priest. Becoming a teacher in local schools. Reporting to Northam Senior High School and studying as an external student. Winning the prize for best student in Economics 100. Winning a prize without doing lectures. 00:22:16 Wanting to hang around universities. Wanting to do a PhD and applying for a scholarship. Winning scholarships to Harvard, England and Canada. Bert Priest is influential and gives advice. The old world and the new world. Going to Toronto. 00:24:30 Experiences of heading overseas. Brilliantly prepared by UWA to work in North America. Very good foundations from UWA. Discussions with Robertson head of education about future career. Working as a school teacher at Hollywood High School and working in Toronto. Coming back to UWA in 1970. 00:28:58 Funny story of coming back to Perth. Applying for Bert Anderson’s job. Two years becomes forty one years. Impressions of coming back to work in 1970. Changes in the 1970s. Bert Priest and changes to the faculty. Social science research. Memories of the university house and the mix of the community and academic at UWA. Corporatisation of the university. 00:37:20 Moving the Faculty of Education off campus. Memories of Shenton House and the faculty and the annex. The Reid Library building. The Nedlands campus. Psychological distance. The pressure of work and the Department of Classics put on lunches. 00:39:50 Non-existent international reputation of the university. Experiences of acceptance in other universities. UWA arts degree compared to other world universities. Current reputation. Memories of senior lecturer. The quality of student at UWA. Research training. Carrying a huge work and supervision load. CUHK. Research and a research university. Doctoral study. Students supervised go on to successful academic careers. Changes. Track 2 00:00:00 Research methods training. Sociology of education. The demand for training grows and student numbers swell. Demand for research training workshops in Indonesia. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Research world divided down the middle. Quantitative and qualitative researchers. Paradigm wars. Lack of text books for the course work. Writing a book for courses on research. Sage Publications. Encouragement by Sage Books. Starting a writing program. 00:04:30 Concentrating on research methods. The growth and reputation of UWA. UWA was a professional training school. Numbers and quality of the students. Things that universities are concerned about today. Internationalisation of the University today. Review done in 1994 in the Graduate School of Education. The School was not in great shape. Recommendations of the review. Budget was a mess. Looking offshore for transnational programs. Interesting opportunities in Hong Kong and Singapore. Working in Hong Kong in Master’s education program in 1995. Course work Masters program taught overseas. 00:08:50 Programmes grow to be big and profitable. Singapore and degrees offshore. D.E.D. Doctoral Education Degree. Programs going strong overseas. Director of international programs from 1995 to 2010. Financial life-blood for UWA. 00:11:16 Interfaculty relations. Educational Management school. Sports science. David Andrich and others associated with other schools. Stand-alone faculty. Alan Robson and interfaculty absorption. Staying as a one school faculty. Merging with the Graduate School of Management. School of Professional Studies. 00:16:04 The university and its contribution to learning and community. Reaching out into the community with the Festival of Perth and a public university. An arrogant institution. The university as a large and complex organisation. A wonderful location. Alan Robson and good relations with government. Publicising the university. Track 3 00:00:00 Training teachers and researchers. Higher degree students. Major changes for graduates. Research methods studies. World-wide debate success and academics prejudices. Forums and open debates. Methodological questions. More concerned with research training from the 1980s. Getting into strife with the university. 00:06:00 Supervision of students. PhD students. Complementary methodological partnership approach. Mature age students doing master or doctoral degrees. Designing studies and researching studies. Supervision of research students. Being led into writing from research. 00:09:40 Chinese University of Hong Kong C.U.H.K transnational interactions of the university. Singapore’s Wah Chong Institution and the Master’s programme. Lesley Lisovich. Graduates on the staff and teachers with doctoral degrees in Singapore. Popularity of UWA for international students. Advantages and rankings. One-on-one institutional interactions. 00:17:15 Staff training as a spin off for writing. Allan Walker and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Working on supervision and career planning and the success of the work at C.U.H.K. Learning about benefits for UWA and the international student. Supporting students whose first language is a foreign language. 00:24:00 Important people associated with the development of UWA. Bert Priest. Memories of Peter Tannock, John Hattie, Michael Scriven, Col Sanders and David Andrich. UWA and the competition of academic field. Graduate school. Graduates from school and the training of teachers. Higher degree programs. UWA leading the way. UWA has largest doctoral student numbers in WA. 00:32:00 Advantages of UWA and teachers in the industry. Present-day business of publishing. Personal involvements at Notre Dame University. Notre Dame and its location within the city of Fremantle. Older European universities. Peter Tannock. Comparisons to UWA campus. Taking pride in the building of a university. 00:37:00 Discussions and process of writing – Introductions to social research and research methods. Writing series. Introduction for research methods for education. Advice for the teacher. Writing and teaching and the growth of the university. Strategic decisions for the university. Corporatized university. Intellectual environment and the administration. 00:49:30 Business administration at the university over the past 40 years. Not involved with the higher councils of the university. Views and memories of Alan Robson. Looking back at an extremely lucky career. 00:54:44 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/b29cd42867a50dda13164c4afa2ccb5f.mp3">Punch, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/c2fce65790575e43dfa27a2a2788a095.mp3">Punch, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5ca45eb975124916e4264d01d7d1e8c1.mp3">Punch, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Keith Punch interview, 30 August 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Education Description An account of the resource This is an interview with Professor Keith Punch, who was a student at the university from 1957 to 1963 and returned to the staff of the Faculty of Education in 1970. He looks at the great sense of community that he experienced firstly as student and also as a staff member. He was a successful cricketer at the university and at a state level. He recalls some of the many changes to the university that he has seen over the last 50 years. Included in his memories are the lost sense of academic community at UWA and the pressures placed on academics by changes to bureaucracy and the growing corporatisation of the university. He looks at significant changes to the Faculty of Education. He was heavily involved in the University’s transnational studies programmes and he talks about his role in university interactions and opportunities in Hong Kong and Singapore. He looks at his work in Hong Kong in the Master’s Education Programme in 1995 and coursework in the Master’s programme taught overseas. He also discusses his research, writing and teaching in the field of research methods. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Punch, Keith Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed David Plowman Location The location of the interview Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 46 minutes, 53 seconds Interview 2: 47 minutes, 4 seconds Interview 3: 46 minutes, 53 seconds Total: 2 hours, 20 minutes, 50 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 David Henry John Plowman, born Malta 1942. Background history. Father a teacher. Institutionalised as a child. Coming to Australia. Child migrants. Memories of Tardun and becoming a teacher. 00:03:45 Coming to work and study at University. Arts and Economics degree. Honours and scholar at MA. Memories of the university. Student dynamic. Science of opportunity. Business degree. Significant changes. Industrial relations. 00:07:50 Memories of the mature age student experience. Love for industrial relations. Des Oxnam. Worst lecturer ever experienced. Master’s in Industrial Relations. 00:10:00 Facilities available and disciplined experience. Life in the broad for average student. Lectured by people who are not able to teach. Interesting brilliant blind lecturer Arnold Cook. Reg Appleyard leading professor. Young economists. Indian lecturers. 00:14:00 Atmosphere. Murdoch University. Isolation and the department of economics. Enrolling in honours. Getting first class honours. Eclectic range of things you could do. Micro and macro economics. Course structure. Bachelor of economics. Significant developments. Commerce and economics. Commerce more fragmented. 00:20:50 Physical changes and different buildings. Economics was in the Winthrop tower. Cinderella unit. Comparisons with UWA and Melbourne. Isolation is a benefit to education. University of South Australia. University of New South Wales. Call to come back home. 00:25:00 Comments on University of WA. Isolation. Reputation. Relationships kept up. The small university. Development of personal career. Industrial relations a growing area of study in the 1970s. 00:30:20 Prolific publication. John Nolan Foundation Chair and Dean. Successor. Setting out to make changes. Employment relations. Human Resource Management. Strikes and human industrial relations. Human resources could be whatever you wanted it to be. Growth of the course. Exciting institution. Achievements. 00:34:15 Human resources and the growth of Industrial Relations during the 1970s. Writing the first text book with Steve Deery. Putting on more units as the student numbers grow. Crossing boundaries at the University. 00:37:45 The bubble bursts with Whitlam. Protected economy and tariffs. Unions and managers. Employers and unions and civil action. National prizes. Employment relations. Coming home in 1993. Significant changes. Australian industrial relations. Led from Melbourne and Sydney. Reputation of UWA. 00:43:20 UWA existing rather than flourishing. Economics makes the decisions. John Nobby and the Scottish study. Researching and unfortunate disconnect. Shaking the system along in a non-vibrant situation. Track 2 00:00:00 Memories of 1993 Director of the school of management. Roy Lourens. Being interviewed for the position. Concerns of the university. Curtin, ECU and Murdoch. MBA. Graduate schools of management. Remit and student numbers. Engaging with the business community. Underfunded by the University. 00:05:30 Problems associated with the running of the school. Parking problems. Frustrations experienced. Memories of the Graduate School of Management. Charging fees. Fragmentation of economics. New departments created. Department of Information and Marketing, Department of Organisational and Labour Studies. Budgetary lines. University an unhappy camp. 00:10:33 Resentment of the Graduate School of Management. Entrepreneurialism works against school. Aims for change and direction. Marketing. The articulated sequence of graduation. MBA a first degree. Restrictions and going overseas. Singapore, Indonesia and Shanghai. 00:14:40 Network creations across Australia. Lack of credits from UWA. Universal recognition of the MBA degrees. Research and recruiting. Doctorate of Business Administration. The guru from the east. 00:17:10 Internationalisation and the big achievements. Opportunity. Mature age. Off-shore orientation. People around the world know of UWA. Concerns over student numbers. Repositioning and restructuring. Picture of UWA with other universities. Don’t take opposition for granted. Curtin and its reputation and transformation. Status. 00:22:40 Comparisons with Curtin – a top institution. Two institutions with different philosophies and competitiveness. Internationalisation of UWA. Travelling overseas and spending time in Singapore. Progress and turnaround. 00:27:30 Growth over the last twenty years. Policy of no growth. Alan Robson. Population and the loss of the students. Increase and diverse students. Buildings the architectural statements. 00:30:50 Community and interfaculty relations. Chairman of the Academic Board. Budget and equality for faculties and departments. Good will of deans. Important people. Memories of Robson and Fay Gale. Paradox of Alan Robson. Loss of respect. 00:37:00 1995 Finance and empowerment. Legal nicety and investment. Significant returns and negative income. Distribution of funds. Large teaching faculties suffer. 00:41:20 Research for betterment of University. Lip service for teaching function of the university. Future framework. Ready for the centenary. When was the university started? What will the courses be like? Course structures. Community involvement. Implementations of ideas and range of courses. Significant changes. Cycle one and two. Future Framework Implementation Committee hardly ever meets. The overseer and less hands-on. Track 3 00:00:00 Publications, research and the University in the community. Kierath and wages of the poor. Set minimum wage for the state. Eclectic research. Asian business development. Published in the area of Public relations. Setting a minimum – Justice Higgins. Reasonable living conditions and the family wage. 0:05:24 ABS and consumer index. Restructuring an index. Wages in Western Australia. Chair a number of reviews. School for women’s health and sport science. Way of problems coming to the fore. Fascinating way to learn about the university. 00:09:33 Large number of senior appointments. Ad hoc senate member. Medicine. Seeing the university changing. Interfaculty relationships. So many heads at the University. Working for the Chancellery for new courses. 00:14:07 Seeing the direction of the University. Significant leaps and bounds. Current position of the University. Institution as a whole has a lot of pluses. Unravelling the index of university rating system. Good teaching research and integration in the community. 00:19:40 Money and rating as a teaching institution. Narrow basis for rating. Myopic university. External involvement with child migrants and CBERS. Maltese child migrant. Discussing the child migrant system. 00:25:30 Legacy of being a migrant. Margaret Humphreys Trust. CBERS try to bring about remedies. Decision making. Child migrants of Malta. 00:28:30 Exposing this and that. Pay outs for Tardun and Clontarf boys. Getting an apology. Catholic Church. Legal action and redress. Apology is a powerful thing. Girls and boy child migrants. Statues. 00:34:33 Order of Australia and other awards. Fellow Australian institute of Management Senior honorary fellow of Corporate Directors Association of Australia. Helping development of countries. Nominated for awards. 00:39:10 Students then and now. Numbers grow. Students were a lot more carefree. Debating use of technologies. Lectures taped and made available. Different environment. Colombo Plan. Students from all over the world. Staff from overseas. Internationalisation and isolation of university. 00:45:00 Students and electronic technology. Recreation side pushed out of the university. Pressure on staff and students. A fortunate life. Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8ec1a6de2e4da871abf53834dcab396c.mp3">Plowman, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/1442dfedaa4142d3112cacab3d838e86.mp3">Plowman, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/4691114cc12b691380d623b464ea8339.mp3">Plowman, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource David Plowman interview, 4 September 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Management Description An account of the resource Winthrop Professor David Plowman (1942-2013) was Foundation Director of the Graduate School of Management at UWA from 1993. During the interview he discusses his experiences of studying at UWA before studying in Melbourne. He talks of the development of his career and work at the University of New South Wales, and about of his return to Western Australia to take on the role of Foundation Professor at the university. He relates his extensive involvement in the fields of Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour. Plowman took on numerous roles at the University of Western Australia including Director of Postgraduate Programs in the UWA Business School and Chair of the Academic Board. He was also a member of the Future Framework Implementation Committee and a member of the Board of Coursework Studies. He speaks at length of the current and future path of the university. He outlines the great changes that he has experienced at the University and reflects on both the positive and negative aspects associated with the University’s development and current world ranking. A child migrant from Malta, David Plowman was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for his work with the community and the migrant population. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Plowman, David Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed David Tunley Location The location of the interview Nedlands, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 54 minutes, 54 seconds Interview 2: 46 minutes, 52 seconds Interview 3: 1 hour, 2 minutes, 32 seconds Total: 2 hours, 44 minutes, 18 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1: 31 October 2012 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:32 Track 2 00:00 David Evatt Tunley. Born 3 May 1930. Grew up in Gulgong, New South Wales. Parents both doctors. Attended local primary school. 01:01 Father very musical. Aged 8 or 9 had singing lessons at local convent with Sister Veronica. 01:48 Had piano lessons about 10 years old – late in life. Attended secondary school as a boarder at Scot’s College. 02:50 During WW2. Father was fighting. Mother left running practice. Felt he had already left home. 03:30 Scot’s College was not very musical then. Continued learning piano at the Sydney Conservatorium as a weekly student. Realised music was where his interest lay. Suggested he learn under Alexander Sverjesky at the Sydney Conservatorium. Wanted to make music his career. 04:59 In the 1940s you learned the piano and took it as far as you could. Got a diploma from the Conservatorium. Attended teachers’ college at Sydney University, did graduate year and regarded as a trained music master. 06:17 Had a gift for teaching. Gained employment at Fort Street High School, Petersham. Famous old boys included Cabinet Ministers and Justice Michael Kirby who was one of David’s students. There for 5 years as bonded to Education Department. 07:31 Wanted to get a university degree in order to learn more about music. Had to attend morning classes at Sydney University. London University required a year’s attendance as part of their external degree. University of Durham had a highly respected Bachelor of Music degree. Peter Platt a senior lecturer in music at Sydney University helped him prepare for examinations. Only 25% pass rate. Exams purely historical and theory – no performance. Had a bent for the academic side of music. 11:19 His mother saw a position advertised in Sydney Morning Herald for a lecturer in music education at UWA. At that time, music was under the wing of the Faculty of Education. Universities now to be run by Federal and not State government. Money poured in for research. Explanation of how the Music Department under up under the wing of the Education Faculty. 15:33 Frank Callaway was the head of department. Golden boy of music education in NZ and had travelled in America and England. Frank was attracted to his application as he was a practically trained musician with an English degree and 5 years teaching experience. 17:15 Had to develop research skills. Wrote about the composer Edgar Bainton. Got in touch with his daughter (also a musician). 18:08 Later on his first study leave he got French government scholarship to study composition. He was away for a year and studied in Paris under Nadia Boulanger who was then in her 70s. 20:08 Australian painter friend, Moya Dyring introduced him to the husband of Louise Hanson-Dyer. A great Melbourne hostess of 20s and 30s who moved to Paris to pursue her interest in music. Set up Lyrebird publishing house. Published the entire works of Francois Couperin. Louise died in 1962, the year before David arrived in Paris. Her second husband was considerably younger than her. He recommended David contact the head of the music section at the Bibliotheque Nationale, Francois Lesure, in order to get into musicological research. 23:51 David did this and was encouraged to study the 18th French Cantata. This was new ground. All too soon it was time to come home. 26:02 Track 3 00:00 David wrote to Frank Callaway who got in touch with Leonard Jolley who organised for all the works to be put on microfilm. Eventually Perth the largest collection of French cantatas outside of France. Wrote two articles on the boat coming home that were accepted by leading museological journals. 01:35 A cantata is a dramatic musical work like a mini opera but not staged and without costume. Immensely popular in Paris in 18th century. Also included poetry. 03:13 Study in Tuart House read music off microfiche and played it on the piano. Published in a book. Decided to make it a thesis. Couldn’t do it as a PhD. Did it as a DLitt. 05:06 Major study was the piano. He also learned the Timpani (kettledrum). Taught by timpanist of Sydney Symphony Orchestra. Also learned to play the double bass. Learned the clarinet at the Conservatorium. Exposure to the viola. Good practice for composing which was a key part of his role at UWA. 07:56 Impressions of Perth and UWA. Impressed By beauty of the campus. Boarded in St George’s College for 2 weeks. 08:34 Began to learn how to go about being a university lecturer. The course was more of a music appreciation course and built up from a one year to a three year course as a BEd with a major in music. Their rooms were in the tower at Winthrop Hall. 10:04 When Frank Callaway arrived in the mid 50s the library was in the piano school. When David arrived, the library now took up two glass cabinets. Now the library in the best and the biggest in Australia. From little acorns, big oak trees grow. 11:09 Students had already done music but no practical music offered. Before Murray Commission. Learnt practical music by singing in choral society. David founded a Chamber Choir. There became a demand for a stronger music degree and music would expand into the Faculty of Arts under Frank Callaway as its first Chair. This was advertised internationally. This now became an honours degree for those who were good enough. Some practical music was now introduced. The students were sent to suburban teachers until full time teachers were appointed. Michael Brimer and Graham Wood taught piano. 14:30 Contrast with music taught in universities at Adelaide and Melbourne from 19th century. Melbourne had a conservatorium with a large staff. Adelaide got one later. Sydney only had a music department in the late 50s. 16:38 Students would go to Melbourne or Adelaide rather than remain in Perth as it was more prestigious. 17:19 10 years after Frank arrived, the department was up and running. Research, composition, education. It was a conservatorium in all but name. The Murray Report ruled out getting diplomas which was the mainstay of the Conservatorium. 19:00 The community pressed the State Government for a conservatorium in the late 1980s. This became part of Edith Cowan University and became a rival to UWA rather than being able to work together. 21:43 Track 4 00:00 Loved the university life at UWA. Contact with other departments. Gave lectures to language department and history and vice versa. 00:54 In 1959, David returned to Sydney and met up with Paula Laurantus again and they decided to get married. Paula also got involved with university life. A cultural hub. 02:26 The Tuart Club comprised the wives of academics who helped people settle in. Met newcomers and had a flat that they could meet. Particularly good for overseas staff coming to UWA. 03:57 Social outings organised. Established university club called University House near the present Music Department. Very welcoming. A social hub. The university was very small. Many buildings such as the Octagon Theatre and the Reid Library were not yet built. 05:23 University House was visited at lunchtime or you get a drink after work but could not get meals. It soon became too small and a little tatty. 06:18 Track 5 00:00 Conclusion 00:19 Interview 2: 7 November 2012 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:28 Track 2 00:00 UWA and the Perth community. 01:17 Community university. Similar to universities in US. 02:02 Festival of Perth (1953). Fred Alexander. Frank Callaway’s influence on the festival. Somerville Auditorium. James Penberthy opera Dalgerie based on the love story from the novel 'Keep him my country' by Mary Durack. 03:20 Concerts – such as singing. Films came later. 04:23 Musician in residence began in 1973. Alfredo Campoli violinist. Sponsorship by Tom Wardle (“Tom the Cheap”). Came in 2nd term. Alberni String Quartet came in first term. 08:10 One of the wettest winters when Alfredo Campoli visited. David and Paula found accommodation for them in Kings Park Road and looked after them. Violin recital arranged. David Bollard accompanied on piano and later Stephen Dornan. 10:42 The Tunleys visited the Campolis in the UK on David’s study leave. A year after his death, Alfredo’s widow Joy asked David what to do with his programmes. David then realised he should write the Biography and did so. Joy Campoli was a great help with this. David learned a great deal about English music in the 20th century. 12:21 Musician in residence – golden years of UWA. Scheme ran from 1973 to 1998. Lots of international performers came over the years. Some were in residence at the same time as the Festival of Perth. The School of Music was like a “foyer of international musicians”. Generally people came for 6 or 7 weeks rather than a full term. André Tchaikowsky (1974, 1975 & 1976) performed the complete concertos of Mozart conducted by John Exton. 14:58 One the scheme had started people approached UWA. The University’s mathematics department and the English department also had visiting experts. A significant development in the department’s history. 16:43 The visiting musicians also taught individual students and/or held master classes. 17:35 The Octagon Theatre (1969) was designed by Sir Tyrone Guthrie. It doubled as a lecture and drama theatre. The UWA Music Department used it more than any other department. They held weekly lunch time concerts and put on operas and major musical events (other than those held at Winthrop Hall). The acoustics were designed for the spoken word rather than music or singing. 20:28 The scene of an opera put on in 1987 by David Tunley called Armide. This was the last and greatest opera of Lully, creator of French opera in the 17th century. Visiting musician Ivor Keys from Birmingham University had put on the first modern performance of Armide. UWA put on the second modern adaptation in the world of Lully’s Armide. Ran for 2 nights at the Octagon Theatre. Jane Manning, a British soprano played the lead role. She was a true professional. Philippa O’Brien designed the scenery and Colin O’Brien directed. David Tunley prepared the choir beforehand. Ivor Keys conducted. Margaret Seares and David Tunley worked the sub titles as it was performed in French. 23:56 The old Dolphin Theatre was a workshop theatre in an old cottage near the science departments. The New Dolphin was built in 1976 and was for student productions. 25:40 New Fortune Theatre used for operas and dramatic works. 26:20 Track 3 00:00 Moving from venues to performers. Frank Callaway kept the University Choral Society going when he arrived. He was able to use the services of the WA Symphony Orchestra as he was a qualified conductor. 01:12 David Tunley created a university chamber choir. It was first called the A Capella Choir. This later became the collegium musicum so that the choir could also have musical accompaniment. They performed Stravinsky’s Les Noces, a ballet. Good choral, 4 pianos and a wide range of percussion instruments. Complex rhythms. Conference for music and dance and David talked the WA Ballet company to combine with the UWA collegium musicum. 04:15 Performed in 1979 at the Octagon Theatre. Gym weightlifters press-ganged to move the pianos from the UWA School of Music to the theatre pit. 05:29 A good way for staff and students to do things together. Roger Smalley, Brian Michell and 2 students played the pianos. 06:16 The choristers came mainly from the campus. Some of the soloists were Jeff Weaver, Vivien Hamilton, Performed concert performances of operatic works at Cottesloe Civic Centre. Champagne and chicken supper at interval. 07:55 The Collegium Musicum was taken over by Margaret Pride but it fizzled out when she left. 08:31 The York Winter Music Festival was established in 1982 following study leave in England seeing music performed in historic buildings. It ran every second year for about 10 years. When David had a heart attack in 1986 he could not take an active role anymore and it closed down in about 1990. 11:40 When David retired in 1994 he decided to use the foyers of buildings in St George’s Terrace for music festivals. The Terrace Proms ran for 6 years but the Perth City Council then decided to put their funding elsewhere. 12:58 1979 National Eisteddfod to celebrate Australia’s Bicentenary. This was Frank Callaway’s idea. The adjudicators were opera singer, Joan Hammond and pianist, Eileen Joyce. The university awarded them both honorary doctorates. In return, Eileen Joyce gave a clavichord to the City of Perth and money to build a studio at UWA – The Eileen Joyce Studio. She also gave money for scholarships. On her death, she donated her personal archives to UWA. They are located in the Callaway Centre, Crawley Avenue. An invaluable resource for Richard Davis when he wrote his biography of her. 17:35 In 1984 the Indian Ocean Arts Festival was held at UWA. The gamelan orchestra from Java used to visit every year. This has wider significance in view of the recently published government White Paper. Frank Callaway and Peggy Holroyd were very involved with this. 20:04 Interview 3: 13 November 2012 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:33 Track 2 00:00 Graduates and staff. 00:29 Trevor Jones, Senior Lecturer. Graduate from University of Sydney. Bassoon. Recorder. Composer. Didgeridoo study. Western music. Studied music of renaissance and baroque at Harvard and at Cambridge. Left UWA after 5 or 6 years to become Foundation Professor of music at Monash University, Melbourne. 03:10 Michael Brimer later became Professor of Music at Melbourne University. 03:33 Roger Smalley. Electronic music and Avant-garde music. Came from UK. Brilliant pianist. 04:49 Track 3 00:00 Roger Smalley was a visitor and stayed. Revolutionised the composition area. Internationally recognised. A coup for UWA. Wrote an opera about an early Australian explorer which he considered a huge influence on him as he had to make his music more accessible. 02:04 David Symons was another graduate from Sydney University. Musicologist of German and later Australian music. 02:35 Nicholas Bannan, Cambridge graduate with encyclopaedic knowledge of music. Choral conductor. 02:58 Suzy (Suzanne) Wijsmann - scholar and cellist. Paul Wright – baroque music. 03:35 Students. Two gifted students in 1958 were Jennifer Fowler and Sally Trethowan. Jennifer Fowler now lives in London and is an internationally renowned composer and started the trend. Others include Iain Grandage, James Ledger and Christopher Tonkin (now on staff). 05:03 Performers include – guitarist Craig Ogden who teaches at Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, UK. 05:41 Well-known singers include graduates Sara Macliver and Taryn Fiebig. 06:24 String players have been influenced by the teaching of Paul Wright. Sean Lee violinist. 07:16 Scholars – Philip Bracanin, first PhD in music in Australia inspired by staff member, Dr John Exton. 08:25 Margaret Seares has returned to her love – musicology. Subscription concerts in London in early 18th century. 09:15 Ben Hetherington – music and eng lit. Won one of the first Hackett Scholarships and is now studying at Cambridge. 09:54 Andrew Cichy did a degree in Commerce before music and is now studying at Oxford. Has won a scholarship and is doing a DPhil in 16th century sacred music. 11:38 Criteria that allows students to study music at UWA. Depends on whether you are doing performance, music education, research. Many of the performers are Asian students. Singers don’t develop until they are older. 13:23 Soprano Lisa Harper-Brown is a graduate. Showed potential even at 17. Now lives and works in Christchurch, New Zealand. 14:09 Students auditioned to find out what their skills are. It is expensive as performance teaching is one to one. 15:12 Some come to do music education and go on to teach. 16:06 Research requires a maturity that a 17 or 18 year old does not yet possess. This is post graduate study. 17:15 Problems of having a conservatorium in Perth where people think UWA does not have a good enough performance teaching. 18:02 It is unusual for performers to change direction. Some performers turn more to musicology or music education. Some become composers. 19:13 The first year is very broad. The background of the students depends very much on where they were educated. Like other faculties, there is a drop out percentage. Some do music as part of an arts degree. 21:09 Track 4 00:00 The building of the present Music School was a fillip to the department. They were first located in the tower at Winthrop Hall and then in Tuart House. Acoustically it was substandard. A committee visited and agreed that funds should be set aside for a purpose built music building. . [Stop Recording due to painter on the roof] 02:20 Track 5 00:00 Tony Brand was the architect of the new music school building. He took the time to talk to the staff to find out their needs and they were totally happy. It is built for a Mediterranean climate. 01:16 It was built so that spaces separated the rooms that could be filled in later. 01:38 Supporters in the community gave money to develop a room and then it was named after the donor. Teaching studios were on the ground floor, then studies and practice rooms on the top floor. The Eileen Joyce studio was attached to it. 02:30 The Wigmore Music library was put up separately. Mrs Ivy Hay offered Frank Callaway the money to fund a basic library. Designed by Tony Brand and very well equipped. A focal point of the department. Most of the books are kept in the Reid Library. 05:18 The Wigmore was built shortly after the department opened in about 1976. At Tuart House the double garage was extended to become the music library. There was also a lecture room built behind the garage. 06:55 The purpose built building enabled some specialised teaching. There was an electronic music studio that looked over the Callaway Music Auditorium. These walls can be changed from wood to sound absorbing material. [Phone rings] 08:18 The studio can be used for composing or recording. Seating was eventually a push button device that allows them to be folded away when they are not needed. 09:28 The Octagon now became less well used. Lunch time concerts are now held in the Callaway Auditorium. 10:11 The space before the music department was built was gardens and trees next to the tennis court. David Tunley organised the staff/student tennis competitions. A development may take over the tennis courts. 11:48 The Callaway Resource Centre was in the piano studio but was then moved to a building in Crawley Avenue. The storage needed to for modern conditions. The CRC houses the Burgess Collection, the Eileen Joyce Collection and the John Blacking Collection. 14:52 It is no longer manned as there is not enough money to employ anyone to open it to the public. 15:38 The Annual Callaway Lecture is also funded by philanthropists. [Stop Recording due to noise from gardener with blower or whipper snipper] 15:58 Track 6 00:00 This year the lecturer was given by an early music exponent who was in Perth conducting the WASO. He spoke about early music recording. 01:27 For public lectures, it is hard to get the balance right so that it is not too specialised or too general. While there is still money for it, it will keep going. There is also money to publish the lectures which encourages some people to give them. 02:17 Another outreach is the Australian Music Examination Board (AMEB). Before that, music examinations were conducted by people travelling from colleges in the UK. Later, institutions in Melbourne and Adelaide took responsibility for it. In about 1920, UWA took part. Most staff members have done music examining in the country or studios in Perth. 04:08 Most of the good students are Asian. They work very hard. 04:47 The AMEB exams provide theory, harmony and notional exams as well as performance. The School of Music used to ask what standard students had reached in the AMEB exams. The AMEB has led to many more universities taking on music. David Tunley was Chairman of the National AMEB. Put UWA in touch with the range of teaching activities across Australia. 06:55 The UWA music staff set the exams and did the examining at UWA. Visiting professors were encouraged to exam the final year students (particularly those doing Honours). 07:37 UWA music staff always had great integrity and wouldn’t pass anybody who didn’t deserve it. 08:08 Track 7 00:00 During the 1970s there was a rise in musical scholarship (musicology). Musicology started in Germany and had to be rigorous and documented. 01:50 Frank Callaway and David Tunley decided to start a journal of musicology in Australia and launched Studies in Music. It stopped in 1992. A lot of work in finding article and editing. It became one of the leading journals in the world. 03:43 Andrew McCredie in Adelaide was the first musicologist in Australia and began his own journal, Miscellanea Musicologica. Contributors from all over the world to both journals. 04:28 Musicology in the 1970s seemed to have a great future. There are slim employment prospects in Australia for musicologist. Performance takes centre stage at universities in Australia as employment prospects are better. 06:28 Music education was also thought to be the discipline of the future but this depends on whether schools are interested in employing music teachers. It has been found to enhance the brain so it is gaining popularity in schools. 07:19 Performance and research are complimentary. Studying at university does not make you a book worm. The best result for musical education is everything coming together. 08:09 The School of Music has a great future. Now regulations demand that students do a unit outside their faculty. Perhaps medical students might swell the numbers. Music gives you an interest for life and is valuable and enjoyable. 09:07 Track 8 00:00 Conclusion by Julia Wallis 00:27 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/eb4f745654d446ffa1416a6807319304.mp3">Tunley, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/3303d8c4b41eb9f4769f18dbe7d001fa.mp3">Tunley, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/bcbac61009819011874fbff3ba5c3800.mp3">Tunley, Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/a04b7685d0f5020706a8495267c15304.mp3">Tunley, Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/1c1337e4a7dd6294c3e1fba6e06b4023.mp3">Tunley, Interview 1, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/757f8c1f566d2d6d5389fbf47d8ec628.mp3">Tunley, Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d86a470ac967075aab5a26141d22b25b.mp3">Tunley, Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/9ea4958ab2027b2533a01efa205818d1.mp3">Tunley, Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/365243072415290119e19fb541364b41.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/2eca8b69df27164b0eaa0f3cbbbca1c9.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/84c93f034d7583c6ff54c72da67e2299.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/0fc2dbb56d171d8b50dfd56e1b29fb4a.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/280958ddc2a3932cd25ddd328649df7f.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/e99bb6167efb7f04894664198db983e5.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 6</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/0385a485b4ad61136c28d5970b439429.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 7</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5fb3e8e017141ced2389414a7b19d826.mp3">Tunley, Interview 3, Track 8</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource David Tunley interview, 31 October 2012, 7 November 2012 and 13 November 2012 Subject The topic of the resource David Tunley interview, 31 October 2012, 7 November 2012 and 13 November 2012 Description An account of the resource Emeritus Professor David Tunley was initially trained as a pianist at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, but when coming to Perth in 1958 (having gained the degree of Bachelor of Music from the University of Durham as an external student) turned his energies more towards choral conducting, composition and research in musicology. Commencing as a lecturer in the then newly-fledged Department of Music, he was eventually appointed to a Personal Chair before moving to the Chair of Music after the retirement of Sir Frank Callaway. He is now an Honorary Senior Research Fellow in Music at UWA. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tunley, David Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Julia Wallis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bob Tonkinson Location The location of the interview Nedlands, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 1 hour, 49 minutes, 23 seconds Interview 2: 1 hour, 25 minutes, 43 seconds Total: 3 hours, 15 minutes, 6 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Interview 1: 17 April 2013 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00:30 Track 2 00:00 Robert Tonkinson. Born 12 September 1938. Grew up in Mosman Park. Parents migrated to WA in 1926. Schooled Mosman Park primary and then Claremont High School. 02:09 Did Junior Certificate. Attended Perth Modern School where he did leaving certificate and matriculation. Encouraged and keen to go onto university. Got all 7 subjects 04:09 Influence of older brother – encouraged him to play tennis and hockey and take up teaching as a career. Full time at UWA. Missed second “B” mark by half a per cent. Had to go back part time instead of full time. 06:56 Taught for 3 years (1958-1960) at Harvey Junior High School. Main subject was geography. Started a hockey association which was very successful. 08:24 Came back and taught at John Curtin High School in the Princess Mary Annexe and went to UWA lectures after school. Studied Anthropology in his second year back. It was a new subject. Interested in people rather than things. Ronald and Catherine Berndt taught a mixture of Anthropology and Sociology. 11:00 Strong tradition to work in a different culture. Research experience of Ron and Catherine. She was from NZ and he was from SA. Very successful department. 12:09 Anthropology raises cultural awareness. A practical side to the subject. Applied Anthropology used by multi-national companies to assist in business dealings with different cultures today. 13:43 Hooked by the 3rd year and began to understand the principles. Learned to touch type and typed up lecture notes which assisted his learning. Urged by Ron Berndt to do Honours. Very supportive of his students. Got a 1st Class in Honours and did field work in the South West. Studied Noongars working on farms in Narrogin. Found field work hard and embarrassing. Interviewed Noongars and farmers. Wrote about the patterns of movement of the Aboriginal farm workers and prospects for assimilation. 17:36 At this time it was believed that the traditional cultures would die out and the Aboriginal people disappear as a distinct minority. Aboriginals considered mentally and physically inferior. “Smoothing the Pillow”. 19:50 The Aboriginal population was in decline until 1933 and then rose quite dramatically although they are still about 2% of the total population. 20:50 Ron Berndt suggested Bob give up teaching and do Anthropology full time. He found him a scholarship and suggested he do field work in the Pilbara area where people were still coming in off the desert. The Western desert is the largest Aboriginal cultural area. Great deal of uniformity across this huge area in Dreaming, Law and Religious ceremonies. Discussion of the dreaming and the spirit world. 24:50 Track 3 00:00 UWA was a small campus in the 1950s and Bob would run into people he knew from school in the other faculties. Anthropology was housed on Fairway. 01:29 Discussion of Berndt collection – small museum. Displays from PNG had caused consternation at the sexual nature of the exhibits. Berndt were experts on sex and cannibalism in PNG. 04:13 Interesting comment by a critic about Ron Berndt’s publication, Excess and Restraint: social control among a mountain people in Papua New Guinea that it contained lots of excess and precious little restraint! 04:57 There was a small library in the Anthropology Department. The main library was under Winthrop. 06:15 No Tavern at that stage. Socialising was done eating sandwiches on the lawn in front of Winthrop Hall. The R’ef was to the right of Winthrop Hall as you face Stirling Highway 08:27 Active theatre group and balls in Winthrop Hall. Bob taught jive at Wrightson Dance studio in Murray Street, Perth 09:50 The failure rates at UWA were high – student realised that they had to work. 10:40 Anthropology was not offered for first years. Bob was told the subject was about people and cultures so it appealed to him. John and Kati Wilson were some of the first students to qualify. They did work with Don McLeod who led the first strike of Aboriginal farm workers up north. They were inspirational to Bob. 12:42 Ron Berndt encouraged Bob to do some field work in Jigalong. He resigned from the Education Department. 14:20 Bob knew it was in the desert but did not know where it was. In those days the train went as far as Meekatharra 300 miles away. There were mission trucks that delivered rations and other supplies to Jigalong. Another student was leaving for Broome in mid-1963 and gave Bob a lift. 16:46 The missionaries were fundamentalists and Bob found them more different to him than the Aboriginal people. Bob had studied the texts of Wilf Douglas who produced a phonology and grammar of the Western Desert language. He had also done a year of linguistics at UWA with Susan Kaldor. Bob found the ability to write symbols to represent the phonetics very useful. In Aboriginal language there is a subject indicator. 21:38 Discussion of culture shock and what it is for those working in the field. 23:15 The difficulties of field work. 23:48 How supplying rations to the hunter gatherer people had affected their health and culture. 25:00 Discussion of the extended case method 25:28 Track 4 00:00 How to establish the topic of study for fieldwork. The importance of having the Berndt’s work to familiarise yourself with the area. Ethnographic salvage work – ritual, the dreaming, the law – vacuum cleaner anthropology. Sucking up all the information before it is too late. 01:42 The tension between the Aboriginal people and the missionaries who regarded the Martu as a primitive people who were sexually promiscuous who needed God to save them. 03:42 The missionaries were from the Apostolic Church of Australia. They were not very well educated or trained in missionary work. They originated from Wales. They did not try and convert Bob but worried he would turn ‘native’. 05:58 He did not consciously study them but became interested in their world view. They were obsessed by the sexual relations between the Martu. 07:35 Bob wrote on the ‘Jigalong Mob’ and on kinship and the similarity of their rituals even though it was such a huge area. They liked travelling so would use modern transport to visit kin and perform ceremonies. The society was dependent on those meetings held normally twice a year in the desert at a location where food and water could be found. 09:59 You gave to go with the flow as people come and go and appointment can be broken which can be a bit frustrating when you are doing field work 10:38 There was still a great deal of ritual at this time. Women had their own ceremonies which Bob could not attend. 10:58 From their part the Martu had to work out who Bob was and whether they could trust him. It helped that he could speak the language and understood some of the basics of the kinship, the law and the rituals. 13:07 Permissions had to be sought from the Native Welfare Department and the Mission. It is doubtful that the Aboriginal people in Geraldton or Jigalong were consulted. UWA gave him good credentials. 15:00 It is doubtful that the Missionaries would have consulted the Martu. This word means “person” and is a label that they give themselves. 15:39 People realised that Bob had a genuine interest and knowledge of the law. He swore so he could not have been Christian. Once he was asked by the Martu whether he had actually seen Jesus. 16:42 Some of the frontier whites on the pastoral Stations had Aboriginal concubines and children (not that they were acknowledged). 17:26 They had to work out what kind of a person Bob was. At one time, some of them wanted to be known as the University Mob 18:48 Initially Bob was at Jigalong for about 7 months. He would return every time he could. The major rituals were held during January and February known as ‘pink eye’ time. This is when the hirers of Aboriginal labour lay them off as there is no work and they return to the Mission. 21:03 Big emotions for the Martu are homesickness and shame. The kinship system is central to their law and ways of behaviour. They have no chiefs. The kinship system is the overarching framework with religion that defines their behaviour and interaction with each other. It is very complicated. They have a great sense of sense. 22:32 They have a strong command of their environment. The Western desert of Australia is one of the hardest places for human survival. 23:27 You can see the kinship system in action for example where people avoid each other as they are not allowed to meet. 24:32 You must not walk into a strange camp. You must sit outside and be invited in. Relationships must be established first. 25:37 Bob was asked what his skin group when he first met a group of men. They named him Panaka so they made him their brother in order that they could establish what relationship they could have with him. 27:00 Track 5 00:00 Fieldwork methods are pencil, notebook, camera and tape recorder. The ethics of using these. Brain, eyes and ears are the most important. You must cross check the facts. 01:24 Discussion of specialisation in Western Society and the contrast with Aboriginal society. Education in hunter gatherer societies is by observation and imitation. The importance of tracking and reading the signs. 04:34 The importance of the elderly for passing on the knowledge. 05:06 When Bob was writing information down most people asked what he was doing but when they realised that it was to ensure the knowledge was there for ever they were mollified. 06:42 You prove yourself by being there and saying you are coming back and coming back. In the end Bob was not regarded as a white fella but part of the furniture. Bob would pay the people by giving tools and tobacco. 08:30 They prize useful things like buckets and chisels. The material things from Western society are accepted but the religious and intangible things like values are not. They adopt and adopt material goods which are useful. 10:00 The issues around recording voice and photography. He did not take photographs of sacred objects at first. Bob has never published pictures of sacred objects. 11:55 Recording voice was similar to photographs of the dead but a couple of generations on, many people come to Bob’s house to see photos of their great grandfather. This taboo seems to be easing. The Martu people can recognise people’s limbs or hands as well as faces. 14:43 Cross checking research. The unwritten rule is that you contact the person whose has been in the field before you. You liaise and/or cite sources from people who have specialist knowledge in the field i.e. Fiona Walsh for her knowledge of the seasons and environment. Doug and Rebecca Bird have worked at Jigalong. They are from Stanford in the US and are interested in diet and bush tucker; hunting food and how it is distributed. Relationships. 18:32 Bob’s Master’s was longer than his PhD as he was covering a lot of territory. The focus of his thesis was: “How do groups who are so different ideologically and culturally co-exist without falling apart at the seams”. 21:58 Myrna’s Bob wife studies food, how you eat, what you eat, food preparation, etc. 22:23 Comparison of universal activities; similarities and differences. Your own culture is the standard, or model against which other cultures are compared. The data is then analysed to write the thesis. The relationships in Jigalong are integral to any study of any area. Avoidance relationships. How these are managed in the modern age is very interesting. 26:20 Bob has not been up to Jigalong for 3 years so things might have changed in this time as cultures and practices adapt. 26:35 Bob’s Master’s thesis was examined by external examiners. 27:05 Track 6 00:00 After completing his thesis at UWA, Bob became aware of a project about relocated communities in the Pacific. It was organised by the University of Oregon in the USA. 01:30 Bob was able to take part in this project and had a temporary teaching position at the University of Oregon. He also did more field work in Australia when he could. 02:00 Bob did his PhD at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. 02:28 Bob returned to Jigalong and focused on the rain making ritual. 03:14 Bob got a tenured teaching job back in Oregon in 1971 and submitted his PhD in 1972. 03:39 In 1984 Bob took a job at the ANU in Canberra and was here for 4 years. At about the same time Ron Berndt retired and had always wanted Bob to take on the professorship, so he returned to Perth and UWA and came full circle 04:29 Interview 2: 23 April 2013 Track 1 00:00 Introduction by Julia Wallis 00: 0 Track 2 00:00 Return to UWA in 1984. Found UWA had grown considerably. The Department of Anthropology was now in the Social Sciences Building. Anthropology was a ‘problem’ department. Roy Lourens. John Gordon was a Harvard graduate and had some good ideas for the reorganisation of the department, including combining second and third year courses. 04:40 Bob brought in some procedural changes including that essays needed to be handed into the office to be registered rather than handing them direct to staff members. 05:33 Some staff encouraged to take early retirement or to find other employment. Some left of their own volition as they couldn’t cope with the work load. 06:44 The new appointments were crucial to the success of the department. They had to be collegial and experienced in different fields. The department concentrated on Aboriginal Australia, South and South East Asia and the Pacific. Staff informed of what was happening and there were regular departmental meetings. 09:03 It was decided to hire staff from outside the university rather than hire their own graduates. All the new appointees were excellent teachers – Bob considered this central to the success of the department. He himself enjoyed teaching and loved taking the first year classes. 11:46 Linguistics was within the department but later went out on their own. A similar thing happened with archaeology. 13:13 The students came from a wide range of departments. The Faculty of Arts encouraged students to study broadly in their first year. 14:06 A thesis writing seminar was introduced for Honours students. Students often did not realise that a thesis needed a hypothesis. 15:27 The Berndts had left their mark. They were excellent field workers and ethnographers and developed good areas of questioning. They left a moratorium on their archives to be quarantined for some years but then to be available for researchers. 17:15 Their material was found to be crucial in the Hindmarsh case and with land claims. 18:29 UWA has benefited from their collections. The museum is very well regarded. 18:52 Field work was considered essential but became difficult for students who were working part time and/or had families. One student studied Dutch businessmen in Perth. 21:00 Bob regretted that there was no mechanism to follow up with their students after 5 years and 10 years to find out whether Anthropology had been useful in their career and how it had helped them. 21:43 Comparison of American and Australian systems. Working at ANU had helped him to get into the zone in Australia. There are many more four field departments in the US. Being an administrator was a new role for Bob. Oregon is his second home. He is still in touch with people there and in the University of British Columbia in Vancouver 24:10 Bob considers getting international exposure is vital and likes to have staff possessing experiences outside Australia. 26:58 Things have changed now and many people find it difficult to get full time work especially on the east coast of the US. 27:42 Track 3 00:00 The high point of his time at UWA was being awarded a Distinguished Teaching Award in 1988 as he prided himself on making his lectures entertaining and engaging. 02:56 Bring the ‘otherness’ back home and give relevant examples so that they can understand what is going on using the ‘home made model’. 03:38 Lots of people came to the lectures – including people from other disciplines. One student came to a lecturer having been invited by a friend and decided to study Anthropology and did her PhD. 04:48 The university instituted an award that was voted on by the students to find the best teachers. Six were chosen including Bob. The award included the sum of $1,000. 05:55 In 2002 Bob was asked to give the Berndt Memorial lecture. 06:42 Track 4 00:00 How Anthropology is used. The discipline is founded on anti-racist notions. Other cultures are not ranked. Anthropologist must also be aware of observer bias. Field work can be very lonely and it is important to retain a perspective. 06:38 Bob’s particular fields of interest were religion and sorcery. How sorcery and magic can be used to create social control. 17:20 Correspondences can’t be made until you know a fair bit about that society. This entails repeated visits to the field. It isn’t just professional as you make relationships in those societies. 19:33 Lecturing on Melanesia and PNG on expedition cruise ships 20:59 Track 5 00:00 The development of Anthropology in Australia and its importance for Native Title. The importance of custom 03:57 Being Nomadic was a key element – no boundaries. 05:21 Interviews are done with the people and information is gathered to ascertain the basis of their claim; their association with the land. 05:59 Children were taken from their mothers. Bob is involved with The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) and does a lot of reconciliation work. 07:28 Once anthropologists only did academic work but now they can do consulting. It is a very important area today. There are university courses just on this topic. 08:05 Issues with national parks. There are Indigenous Ranger programmes. 08:28 Torres Strait islanders are the second indigenous group. They are Melanesian. The first big significant land claim was in the Torres Strait. 09:13 Job prospects for anthropologists are very good now. 09:57 The heritage component also has to be taken in consideration when approving mining leases. 10:20 Study leave and international conferences are crucial to keep abreast of developments in the field. Bob gets students referred to him from the US due to his contacts there. 11:24 Protocol of contacting the person who has done field work in the area you are intending to go into. The importance of anthropologists not being drawn into internal politics in an area. 13:56 Anthropologists tend to be leftists as they identify with the downtrodden. Sometimes your actions can be misinterpreted as trying to stir up social revolt. 16:14 American anthropologists have been taken for the CIA in South America and killed. This is not helped by the fact that some anthropologists were in fact recruited by the CIA! 17:42 Anthropologists pay their informants by in kind presents or cash. When Bob left his field trip in Vanuatu he gave the village his possessions to be divided up amongst them. The villagers knew who had helped and were able to do this. People got items on a scale of value that equalled how much they had helped. 20:36 Track 6 00:00 Headship 1985-1987 and 1995-1997. Happy to hand this over as he always taught a full teaching load even as Head of Department. Jill Woodman the department secretary. 03:53 Bob’s need to be punctual, able to make deadlines and have this neat and ordered. 04:40 The Department has blossomed due to Jill’s presence and the esprit de corps. Staff had to communicate and communication with students was considered very important. 06:21 If Bob had not been born in Australia he would have liked to have been born in New Zealand due to its very interesting native culture and large multi-cultural Polynesian society. 07:48 In the last 20 years Australia has become very multi-cultural. There are black people in every Australian city. 08:51 He believes that Australia has strong assimilatory powers. 09:44 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/9676cc3df5ecf0526325eb6d21ae6585.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/fd846cab1623274740031ab6a7308a64.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/cd565f208a29b80090627503812e1d8c.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 1, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/eb02f5a9fccfa90b45fa5c3a3b0a253d.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 1, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/2c62c7ea94b8f134b7d0e71e346b8f86.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 1, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/f60ff865e3734fc42cc2e080dde6b27d.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 1, Track 6</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/a9ec593dc2e34392aa645cb44f4ae15f.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 2, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/3dc09e01659166050f1326d09d374999.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 2, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/553f411853b2fb5316424875b02f1b9f.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 2, Track 3</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/5a5dd4a640ecec4e06ec329418a4a2ab.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 2, Track 4</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d164b831db49b4b297d4c2047e04bcab.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 2, Track 5</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/c0d5f0527816ab114bc3085025397cc1.mp3">Tonkinson Interview 2, Track 6</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bob Tonkinson interview, 17 April and 23 April 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Anthropology Description An account of the resource Emeritus Professor Bob Tonkinson studied anthropology at the University of Western Australia in the 1960s with Ronald and Catherine Berndt. He subsequently studied and worked in North America and at the Australian National University before returning to UWA as Professor of Anthropology in 1984. He has carried out extensive field research at Jigalong and in the Western Desert, as well as in Vanuatu. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tonkinson, Bob Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UWA ORAL HISTORIES Description An account of the resource A collection of interviews with former UWA staff, recorded by the <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society" target="_blank">UWA Historical Society</a> to mark the Centenary of the University in 2013. <br />The UWA Historical Society’s <a href="http://www.alumni.uwa.edu.au/community/historical-society/oral-histories" target="_blank">Oral History Program</a> started as a project with four oral histories funded from Society resources. It was then expanded with support from every Faculty on campus, the Guild, Convocation and through private donations. Additional funding was received through a Heritage Grant. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Western Australia Historical Society Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview John Bannister Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed John Newnham Location The location of the interview Perth, W.A. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Interview 1: 52 minutes, 51 seconds Interview 2:48 minutes, 1 second Interview 3: 39 minutes, 4 seconds Total: 2 hours, 19 minutes, 56 seconds Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128 kbs Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview Track 1 00:00:00 Introduction. John Phillipps Newnham was born in St John’s Subiaco in 1952. Background information. Father was a General Practitioner. Delivered by the head nun and surviving obstetrics. Father William Arthur Newnham was a big influence. Father went to Perth Modern School and UWA. Wishes to serve in WWII. Father is thrown out of the army. Father works day and night and instils an interest in a career in medicine. 00:06:13 The road to UWA. Memories of schooling at Christchurch and going to University. The quota hurdle for 2nd year was vicious. Competitive experience and getting into second year. The brightest guy in WA. Dom Spagnolo is now a pathologist at Sir Charles Gairdner. People hide books at the library. The pressures of studying. Unfortunate policy of quota system. 00:11:27 Not as engaged at UWA as students today. The importance of University. Arrival at university was an anxious experience. Passive recipient of information. Arriving at Royal Perth Hospital. Life begins. Clinicians are the heroes. Memories of the University experience. Regretting not being able to get involved at the University as a student. 00:16:05 Further thoughts of University. Wanting to get to the hospitals. Interests in foetal medicine and advice received. Cut when you are young, talk when you are old. 00:20:30 Memories of Hugh Callaher. Development of career, Royal Perth and Stan Reid at King Edward. Proactive recruiting. Advice given. Basic training and going overseas. Defined by where you are sent. America and Tom McCarthy Australia’s first specialist. Wanting to go to Africa. 00:25:18 Zulu Hospital in Edendale. Cyril van Hildren. Going to England and fellowship in California. Life’s work foetal medicine, caring for sick women. Memories of South Africa. Child dies first night on call. Challenges experienced. Cord prolapsed experience. John Miller. 00:35:32 Life-changing experiences. No talk about the new-born baby. The spiritual aspect of the job of obstetrics. Gold Medal from the Royal College of Obstetricians in London. Studying hard and achievements. 00:40:40 Research at UCLA. Working on sheep. Sport science meetings. Camaraderie, challenge, excitement of getting new data. Interaction, interdepartmental collaboration. Catheterised sheep. Los Angeles. Coming back to Perth to do more sheep work. Murdoch and sheep work. Agriculture and sheep foetus. Ultrasound. Sheerer help with ultrasound work on pregnant sheep. Alan Joe. Taking over the market in sheep research. Track 2 00:00:00 The Raine Study. The development of ultrasound. The wave sound and measure of placenta function. Funding from the MRC. Improving outcomes of childbirth. The Raine Foundation. Origins of disease in humans. Fiona Stanley has a future in the field. 00:06:00 Further memories of the Raine Study. Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. Tracing health and disease over a long period. DOHAD. 00:11:00 Internationalisation of UWA, Alan Robson, progress. Successful in isolation in 1984. Memories of parliamentary enquiry and interview panel. Cohort study in isolation. Medical sheep research. Success of Raine and sheep study. 00:16:40 Isolation and success. Benign dictatorship and the Alan Robson show. Support of Alan and thoughts of internationalisation. The story of China. The Confucius Institute. Learning Chinese. Experience of visiting China and giving lecture, giving a speech in Chinese. The Chinese were impressed. 00:24:23 Doing ward round in Kungming and Beijing. Chinese and pre-term birth. Rates of pre-term birth. Nanjing and work on 2.9% Chinese preterm death. Westernisation of Chinese women increases as a result of modernisation. Honorary Professor of Obstetrics Nanjing, Adjunct Professor Peking University. Thanks for the University of WA. 00:29:30 Reputation of UWA in 1981. Memories of Louis Landau. Early life studies. Memories of Fiona Stanley and Neville Stanley. Neville Stanley microbiology. 00:34:00 1999 story of construction of sheep research facility on campus UWA Perth, Shenton Park bush. Animal ethics community and no sheds. Costs of construction. Surgical training on sheep and laparoscopic work. Combining funds and the surgical training at the cricket nets. Great success story of sheep and surgical study. 00:40:35 Head of School of Woman’s Health. School reviews and best international standard. Formula for recruiting people. Tailoring jobs for the individual. The Department’s achievements and research foundation. King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Fund. 00:45:23 Competition with Fiona Stanley. Costing and recruiting KEMHRF. Volunteer and profit for research and building up the department. Research foundation, The University Department and building the School. Track 3 00:00:00 Gordon King – first Dean of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Stanley Prescott and Gordon King. Gordon King’s wartime story. Escape north from Hong Kong, continued teaching Chongqing. Training recognised by Britain. Hong Kong restored medical system. Justice Kennedy. Gordon King scholarship. 00:07:19 Memories of Professor John Martin. Origins and Con Michael. Standing in the footsteps of Gordon King. Internationalisation. David Barker hypothesis and research. DOHAD. Dean Steven Schwartz. Chronic adult disease and the Raine Study. International Council for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 5th World Congress 2007 at UWA. 00:16:06 Midwives become sub-dean. Mark McKenna and Sandra Carr. Midwifery want to be independent. UWA and the community. Notre Dame and UWA teaching and research. Value of university. Comparisons between UWA and Notre Dame. Marketing. Research and teaching. Somerville Auditorium. Community perceptions. 00:22:30 International reputation has grown. International students add to the university. Good promotion of UWA. Curtin and Murdoch improving. WA in the top 20% worldwide. Future research changing over time. Predictions for life before birth. Epigenetic signatures leave messages over thousands of years. Tiny glimpse and price of doing genome. Early development studies. Future health developments in genetic knowledge. 00:30:17 Technology benefits and detriment. Human life experience. The team and the University as a whole. Breaking down the barriers. Conferences. More memories of Stan Reid. Ultrasound pioneer. Stan Reid and Alan Bond and the America’s Cup. Looking at old diggers from World War One as motivation. Understudy for the dean. Born lucky. Final words. 00:39:00 Audio Files Links to audio files <a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/fe7f6bc35830c48997cc40c5e6cd1bf1.mp3">Newnham, Interview 1, Track 1</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/8338fec6d384cd488d49932c2d99b476.mp3">Newnham, Interview 1, Track 2</a> <br /><a href="http://oralhistories.arts.uwa.edu.au/files/original/d05ca074f194ba436ff97c4079fbfc72.mp3">Newnham, Interview 1, Track 3</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Newnham interview, 16 October 2012 Subject The topic of the resource Medicine Description An account of the resource A graduate of UWA in 1976, John Newnham was appointed Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Maternal Foetal Medicine) and Head of the School of Women’s and Infants’ Health of UWA, and remains in that position. In 2008 he was appointed as Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences of The University of Western Australia. In 1989, he was initiator and principal investigator of a major cohort study of 2,900 Western Australian children followed from 16 weeks gestation to adulthood, designed to investigate the developmental origins of health and disease. This Study, known as the Raine Study, is the largest and most complete of its type in the world. The children in the study are now 20 to 22 years of age and retention remains at nearly 70%. He heads the Australian arm of a major international research collaboration investigating novel methods of enhancing foetal maturation and preventing preterm birth; these collaborative studies are now in their 22nd year and have contributed to world-wide changes in clinical practice. He discusses the University of Western Australia and its reputation on a global scale and outlines his career in the field of obstetrics. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Newnham, John Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Western Australia Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright holder University of Western Australia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 files Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History